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Social Psychology PSYC 325 > Social Perception > Flashcards

Social Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

social perception

A

study of how we form impressions of other people and make inferences about them

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2
Q

nonverbal communication

A

way in which people communicate (intentionally or unintentionally), without words

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3
Q

nonverbal cues

A
  • body position/movement
  • eye gaze
  • facial expression
  • gestures
  • tones of voice
  • touch
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4
Q

nonverbal communication: encode

A

to express or emit nonverbal communication
- smiling
- patting someone on the shoulder

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5
Q

nonverbla communication: decode

A

to interpret meaning of the nonveral communication others express
- deciding that a pat on the back is an expression of condescension and not kindness

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6
Q

nonverbal communication: faces

A
  • facial expressions = most significant channel of nonverbal communication
  • Charles Darwin believed that primary emotions conveyed by face = universal
  • This is somewhat confirmed by Ekman
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7
Q

Ekman’s study

A
  • determined universality of at least 6 facial expressions
  • context and culture influence how facial expression = interpreted
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8
Q

Ekman’s study: the 6 universal facial expressions

A
  • anger
  • sadness
  • surprise
  • fear
  • disgust
  • happiness
  • (contempt)
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9
Q

affect blends

A
  • 1/2 face registers one emotion, 1/2 face registers another
  • reason why it may be difficult to interpret facial expressions
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10
Q

display rules

A
  • cultural norms can influence display of emotion
  • culturally determined rules about which nonverbal B = appropriate
  • i.e. some people believe it is more acceptable for men to get angry than women
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11
Q

cultures and influences: individualistic

A

more likely that expression of emotions is encouraged

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12
Q

cultures and influences: collectivistic

A

expression of strong negative emotions = discouraged because it can disrupt group harmony

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13
Q

cultures and influences: other nonverbal cues influenced by culture

A
  • eye contact and gaze
  • hand head gestures
  • personal space and touching
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14
Q

emblems

A
  • nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture
  • usually have direct verbal translations
  • not universal (each culture has their own emblems)
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15
Q

first impressions

A
  • can usually form impressions of others within milliseconds (usually from facial expression)
  • tendency to inder what people are like solely on facial appearance emerges around 3y
  • can be wrong, can be very accurate
  • can be influenced by schemas about certain features
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16
Q

implicit personality theory

A
  • type of schemas used to group various kinds of personality traits
  • research shows that people tend to attribute less positive characteristics to individuals described as having low self-esteem
17
Q

halo effect

A
  • sociocognitive bias
  • we assign positive attributes based on a single trait that we deem positive
18
Q

causal attribution

A
  • substantial ambiguity remains about why people act the way they do
  • attribution theory
19
Q

attribution theory

A

description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own B and other people’s B

20
Q

types of causal attributions

A
  • internal
  • external
21
Q

internal attributions

A
  • person’s B is due to something about them
  • attitude, character, personality
22
Q

external attributions

A
  • person’s B is due to something about the situation they are in
  • assumption is that most people would respond the same way
23
Q

Kelly’s Covariation Model (IMPORTANT)

A
  • we choose internal/external attributions by noting pattern between presence (or absence) of possible causal factors and if B occurs (or not)
24
Q

Kelly’s Covariation Model: types of information

A
  • consensus
  • distinctiveness
  • consistency
25
Q

consensus

A

extent to which other people behave the same way as actor does towards the same stimulus

26
Q

distinctiveness

A

extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli

27
Q

consistency

A

extent to which the B between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances

28
Q

based on consensus, distinctiveness and consistency, we can make _______

A

internal attributions about:
- the actor
external attributions about:
- the object/stimulus
- the context (also known as temporary attributions)

29
Q

fundamental attribution error

A
  • also referred to as the correspondence bias
  • tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s B is due to internal factors
  • to underestimate the role of situational factors
  • consequences - blaming the victim
30
Q

victim blaming

A
  • tendency to explain other people’s B in dispositional terms
  • can lead people to see stigmatized/victimized individuals as being responsible for their plight
31
Q

2-step process theory on attribution

A
  1. make internal attribution
  2. attempt to adjust this attribution by considering the situation the person was in
    - may be skipped due to lack of effort/time
    - motivated to do this when we want to be accurate/are suspicious of a person’s B
    - results in mainly internal attributions
32
Q

culture and attributions

A

collectivist
- usually make situational attributions
individualistic
- usually make dispositional explanations

33
Q

actor/observer difference

A

for ourselves
- situational
for others
- dispositional
*can cause person to overestimate their contribution to a shared task

34
Q

defensive attributions

A
  • way to deal with threats to self-esteem
  • explanations for B that help us avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality
  • belief in just world
35
Q

belief in just world

A
  • assumption that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
  • allows us to be optimistic about the future BUT
  • creates a tendency for victim blaming

Social Psychology PSYC 325 (11 decks)

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