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Social Psychology PSYC 325 > Social Cognition > Flashcards

Social Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

social cognition

A
  • how people think about themselves and social world
  • how they select, interpret, remember and use social information
  • purpose is to make judgments and decision
  • includes automatic and controlled thinking processes
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2
Q

automatic thinking

A
  • generally unconscious, unintentional, involuntary, effortless
  • helps understand new situations by relating them to prior experiences
  • relies on schemas
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3
Q

schemas

A
  • mental structures used to organize knowledge about social world
  • influence info we notice, think about and remember
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4
Q

schema functions

A
  • help create continuity + relate new experiences to past
  • helps to know what to do in confusing/ambiguous situation
  • organize + fill gaps of knowledge
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5
Q

schemas: Jean Piaget

A
  1. suggested we construct schemas from young age to:
    - better understand world
    - make world more predictable as we develop cognitively
  2. formation, manipulation, management of schemas components
    - assimilation
    - accomodation
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6
Q

schemas: assimilation

A

integration of new info into existing schemas

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7
Q

schemas: accommodation

A

alteration of existing schemas to adapt new info

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8
Q

schemas: Frederic Bartlett

A
  • argued memories = reconstructions
  • each reconstruction = affected by past experiences and viewpoints
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9
Q

schemas: reconstruction of memories are impacted by ____

A
  • selectivity of information
  • rationalization of details
  • cultural factors related to interpretation of the event
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10
Q

accessibility of schemas

A

extent to which schemas/concepts are likely to be used when making judgments

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11
Q

schemas can be accessible because ____

A
  • due to past experience
  • because they are related to a current goal
  • due to priming
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12
Q

schemas and priming

A

where a recent experience increases likelihood that a particular scheme will be accessed

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13
Q

priming

A

exposure to stimulus subconsciously alters way we feel, behave and think

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14
Q

embodied cognition

A
  • other form of priming
  • bodily sensations activate mental structures, such as schemas
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15
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A
  • people make their schemas come true by how they treat others
  • Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) academic performance experiment
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16
Q

heuristics

A
  • use mental shortcuts - judgmental heuristics
  • to make judgments quickly/effectively
  • do not always lead to accurate conclusions
  • usually quite useful
17
Q

types of heuristics

A
  • availability heuristics
  • representativeness heuristics
  • base rate information
    between contradictory representativeness and base rate, people tend to rely on representativeness
18
Q

availability heuristic

A
  • mental rule of thumb
  • people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind
19
Q

representativeness heuristic

A
  • mental shortcut
  • people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case
20
Q

base rate information

A

information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population

21
Q

hot cognition

A

mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings

22
Q

making predictions

A

affective forecasting can have issues
- impact bias
- durability bias

23
Q

impact bias

A
  • way things will be impacted
  • not able to predict as well as we think we can
24
Q

durability bias

A

bad at predicting how long these feelings will last

25
Q

influence of culture on schemas

A

pay most attention to/remember information that is important to our culture

26
Q

influence of culture on schemas: North American and Eurocentric thinking styles (powerpoint, slide 42)

A
  • analytic thinking style
  • don’t think of context
  • focus on properties of people and objects
27
Q

influence of culture on schemas: East Asian thinking styles (powerpoint, slide 42)

A
  • holistic
  • focus on whole picture + surrounding context
28
Q

controlled thinking

A
  • thinking = conscious, intentional, voluntary, effortful
  • requires mental energy
  • provides checks and balances for automatic thinking
  • can only think in a controlled conscious way about 1 thing at a time
29
Q

counterfactual thinking

A
  • mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been (if only…)
  • usually conscious and effortful
  • not always voluntary and intentional
30
Q

upward counterfactual thinking

A

focusing on hypotheticals on how a situation could have been better

31
Q

downward counterfactual thinking

A

focusing on hypotheticals on how a situation could have been worse

32
Q

increase of counterfactual thinking

A
  • more likely when they can easily imagine alternative to an event
  • easier to imagine alternative = the more stress people feel
  • people tend to feel more sympathy for others in near-miss situations
33
Q

use of counterfactual thinking

A
  • if it focuses people’s attention on ways that they can cope better in the future
  • if it motivates them to take steps to prevent similar outcomes from occurring in the future
34
Q

overconfidence barrier

A

arises when people have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments

35
Q

limiting overconfidence barrier

A
  • ask people to consider other points of view than their own
  • teach people basic statistical and methodological principles

Social Psychology PSYC 325 (11 decks)

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