Aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

aggression

A

intentional B (physical or verbal) aimed at causing physical/psychological pain

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2
Q

hostile aggression

A
  • stems from feelings of anger
  • aimed at inflicting pain/injury
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3
Q

instrumental aggression

A

to achieve a goal other than causing pain

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4
Q

types of aggression

A
  1. physical aggresion
    - hostile B that inflicts physical pain or discomfort
  2. verbal aggression
    - words that inflict pain by yelling, insulting, ridiculing, humiliating, etc.
  3. social/relational aggression
    - Bs aimed at damaging relationships (ignoring, spreading rumours, etc.)
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5
Q

forms of aggression

A
  1. direct
    - physical, verbal hostile B that directly targets another person
  2. indirect
    - hostile B by an unidentified perpetrator that hurts another person by indirect means
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6
Q

evolutionary approach to aggression

A

argues that aggression = genetically programmed because:
1. to help establish dominance
2. to protect resources

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7
Q

culture and aggression

A
  • cultures vary widely in their degree of aggressiveness
  • levels of aggression change with time and social condition
  • in “cultures of honour”, violence is often seen as an acceptable way to protect one’s honour and reputation
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8
Q

social learning theory

A
  • we learn social B by observing others and imitating them
  • Bandura’s (1961, 1963) Bobo Doll study
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9
Q

Bandura’s (1961, 1963) Bobo Doll study

A
  • children who had watched an adult model’s aggressive B toward a doll later imitated those Bs
  • children also engaged in novel forms of aggression
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10
Q

pain and discomfort’s effect on aggressive B

A

pain + other physical discomforts (heat, humidity, air pollution, offensive odours, etc) can decrease threshold for aggressive B
WHY?

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11
Q

situational causes of aggression

A
  1. frustration
    - perception that you are being prevented from obtaining a goal
  2. frustration-aggression theory
    - theory that frustration will increase the probability of an aggressive response
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12
Q

frustration and aggression: increasing aggressive B

A

chances that frustration will lead to aggression are increased when:
1. you are close to reaching your goal + are prevented from doing so
2. frustration = unexpected
3. perception that you have less than you deserve, less than what you have been led to expect, or less than what people similar to you have

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13
Q

frustration and aggression: decreasing aggression

A
  1. situation causing the frustration is understandable
  2. cause of frustration is legitimate
  3. cause of frustration is unintentional
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14
Q

direct provocation and reciprocation

A
  • people usually feel the urge to reciprocate after being provoked by intentional aggressive B
  • may be explained by evolutionary theories, social learning theory, frustration-aggression hypothesis
    -most will not retaliate if the aggression = perceived to be unintentional or other circumstances are known
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15
Q

social exclusion

A
  • pain of being excluded from a group of peers increases aggression
  • correlational studies also show a link between peer rejection and aggression in children
  • can also motivate us to form new social bonds
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16
Q

weapons effect

A
  • increase in aggression that can occur because of mere presence of gun or other weapon
  • Berkowitz and Lepage (1967)
  • decrease in homicide rates in countries with stricter gun laws (Canada vs USA)
17
Q

violence in videogames

A

increase in aggressive B, yet effect = very small

18
Q

pornography and violence

A

viewing violent pornographic material is associated with:
1. increased sexism
2. increased acceptance of secual violence towards women
3. acting aggressively toward women

19
Q

numbing + media violence

A

repeated exposure to media violence tends to reduce sensitivity to those events

20
Q

decreasing aggression

A
  • severe punishment does not work to deter violent crime
  • physical punishment may be effective short term, not long term
  • reinforcement = most successful
21
Q

catharsis

A
  • idea that it relieves built up aggressive energy and reduces likelihood of further aggressive B
  • many studies do not support this, and show the opposite
22
Q

blaming the victim

A
  • aggressor experiences cognitive dissonance
  • aggresor tends to derogate the victim to justify act of cruelty