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Social Psychology PSYC 325 > Attraction and Relationships > Flashcards

Attraction and Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

what causes attraction?

A
  1. propinquity effect
  2. similarity
  3. reciprocal liking
  4. physical attractiveness
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2
Q

propinquity effect

A
  • the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends
  • works because of familiarity, or mere exposure effect
  • attraction + propinquity rely on actual physical distance + functional distance
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3
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it

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4
Q

functional distance

A
  • aspect of architectural design
  • make it likely some people will come into contact with each other more often than others
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5
Q

similarity

A
  • more drawn to people that look like us than those who are opposites (complimentary)
  • strong predictor of attraction in friendship + romance
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6
Q

similarity is a strong of attraction in friendship + romance, especially __________

A
  1. in attitudes and values
  2. in individualistic cultures
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7
Q

importance of similarity for attraction

A
  • we expect those similar to us to like us
  • those similar to us provide social validation of our beliefs
  • we expect it would be enjoyable to spend time with like-minded people
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8
Q

can attraction lead to a sense of similarity?

A
  • YES
  • studied married couples showed they overestimated their levels of similarity
  • perceived similarity is a good predictor for long, committed relationships
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9
Q

reciprocal liking

A
  • liking someone who likes us in return
  • one of prime determinants of interpersonal attraction
  • will only have an effect if you like yourself before
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10
Q

physical attractiveness

A
  • strongly influences liking
  • we may not rate attractiveness as #1 criterion, but B indicates it is
  • preference for:
    1. large eyes
    2. prominent cheekbones
    3. big smile
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11
Q

cultural standards of physical attractiveness

A
  • considerable agreement across cultures on what is a physically attractive face
  • perception of symmetry = correlated with attractiveness
  • may have developed through evolution (signs of a potentially healthy offspring)
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12
Q

assumptions about attractive people: halo effect

A
  • assumed that attractive people have desirable qualities
  • often get preferential treatment
  • “what is beautiful is good” stereotype
  • occurs cross-culturally
  • seems to be limited to judgments of social competency
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13
Q

assumptions about unattractive people: horn effect

A

perceiving 1 unattractive quality in a person can lead us to believe that they possess undesirable characteristics

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14
Q

misattribution of arousal

A
  • people may mistakenly infer the cause of their physiological arousal is attraction
  • sweating, trembling, elevated heart rate, anticipation
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15
Q

friends + the digital world

A
  • social media plays major roles in shaping friendship (introverted vs extroverted)
  • online/offline relationships can be beneficial
  • people prefer real world relationships
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16
Q

romance + the digital world

A
  • people often disclose personal information more quickly online rather than face to face
  • success rate of online dates = traditional methods
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17
Q

parasocial interaction theory

A
  • parasocial relationships through parasocial interactions = illusionary relationships with characters or people in media
  • influential in middle childhood and adolescence (important for attachment dev and identity formation)
  • can be complementary with real-life relationships
  • increase through increase of social media use
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18
Q

extreme parasociality

A
  • dangerous for self-esteem + well-being
  • since interactions are limited or not real
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19
Q

Sternberg’s Theory of Love components

A
  • intimacy
  • commitment
  • passion
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20
Q

gender + love

A
  • men fall in love more quickly than women
  • more likely to endorse “love lasts forever”
  • men report experiencing love at first sight more often
21
Q

culture + love

A
  • love is universal
  • cultural differences to love
  • collectivist cultures value more commitment and intimacy over passion (compared to individualistic cultures)
22
Q

evolution + love

A
  • human B has evolved in specific ways to maximize reproductive success
  • reproductive costs for women
  • women have different strategies to find a mate than men
23
Q

Arthur Aaron’s self-expansion theory

A
  • humans have tendency to expand their social circles to maximize resources
  • supports idea that we are internally driven to seek + affirmation
  • goal: to enhance our own sense of selves through creation + maintenance of close relationships
  • over time, partners become more and more 1 self, as resources, experiences, identities = shared
24
Q

attachment theory

A

suggest B in adult relationships are based on experiences as infants with parents/caregivers

25
Q

attachment styles

A

expectations people dev about relationships based on relationship they had with primary caregiver

26
Q

adult attachment styles

A
  • secure
  • anxious-preoccupied
  • dismissive-avoidant
  • fearful-avoidant
27
Q

secure attachment

A
  • typically comfortable in relationships
  • find no issue with commitment and trust with their partners
28
Q

anxious-preoccupied attachment

A
  • exhibit some forms of separation anxiety
  • can exhibit low self-esteem
  • can become overdependent on their partners or push them away
  • due to their own insecuritie
29
Q

dismissive-avoidant

A
  • can be guarded when it comes to intimacy
  • exhibit lack of trust towards potential partners
  • may show no interest in forming close relationships
30
Q

fearful-avoidant

A
  • typically demonstrate inconsistent and fluctuating feelings about intimacy
  • might desire close relationships but become avoidant with partner out of fear
31
Q

attachment styles and intimate relationships

A
  • affect relationship satisfaction, commitment, trust
  • coping with relationship conflict also differs according to attachment style
  • people have different styles in different relationships
  • general attachment = different from specific attachment
32
Q

aligning of attachment

A
  • over time, attachments tend to align
  • if generally secure, specific relationship tend to become secure
33
Q

social exchange theory

A

how people feel about their relationships depends on:
1. perception of rewards/costs
2. the kind of relationship they deserve
3. chances of having a better relationship with someone else

34
Q

reward/cost ratio

A

notion there is a balance between
1. rewards that come from relations
2. person cost of maintaining the relationhip

35
Q

comparison levels

A

people’s expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they deserve in a relationship

36
Q

comparison levell for alternatives

A

people’s expectation about the level of rewards/costs they’d receive in an alternative relationship

37
Q

Rusbult’s investment model

A

theory that people’s commitment to a relationship depends on:
1. their satisfaction
2. level of investment
3. quality of alternatives

38
Q

equity theory

A
  • people = happiest in relationships where rewards, costs, contributions are roughly equal
  • refer to powerpoint, slide 46
  • equity concerns vary on:
    1. exchange relationships
    2. communal relationships
39
Q

exchange relationships

A

casual relationships governed by need for a comparable ratio of reward-cost

40
Q

communal relationships

A
  • long-term, close relationship
  • primary concern is being responsive
41
Q

relationship identity

A

people who feel a relationship = important part of their identity will let an attractive alternative partner know that they are taken

42
Q

effects of being in a committed relationship on attractiveness ratings

A
  • those in committed relationship rate an attractive individual as less attractive than less-committed individuals
  • those more committed to their partners = more forgiving of their mistakes and shortcomings
43
Q

positive illusions

A
  • idealizations of our romantic relationships and partners in order to maintain the relationship
  • the more we idealize our partner, the greater our satisfaction with the relationship
  • makes it more likely it will endure
44
Q

self-expansion model

A
  • proposes that relationships provide an avenue for people to grow and fulfill their potential
  • new relationships are exciting at firs, but eventually boredom can set in
  • thus, couples ought to engage in activities that revive feelings of self-expansion
45
Q

why relationships end

A
  • attractive alternatives
  • boredom
  • dissimilarity
  • low rewards, high costs, inequity
46
Q

strategies to end a relationship

A
  1. withdrawal and avoidance
  2. positive tone
  3. manipulative strategies
  4. open confrontation
47
Q

predicting distress during a breakup

A
  • role person plays in the decision to terminate the relationship predicts distress degree
  • those who initiate the breakup suffer less, but often report guilt and unhappiness
  • those dumped are most unhappy and report high levels of loneliness and depression
  • monitoring online activity increases distress level
48
Q

those who handle a breakup best ________

A

able to focus on what they have learned + how they have grown

Social Psychology PSYC 325 (11 decks)

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