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A Level Aqa Psychology > Social Influence Booklet Two Obedience > Flashcards

Social Influence Booklet Two Obedience Flashcards

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1
Q

What is obedience?

A

A type of social Influence whereby someone acts in response to a direct order from a figure with perceived authority

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2
Q

What is agentic state?

A

A person who sees themselves as an agent for carrying out another person’s wishes

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3
Q

What is an authoritarian personality?

A

A distinct personality pattern characterised by strict adherence conventional values and a belief in absolute obedience or submission to authority

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4
Q

What does dispositional mean?

A

An explanation of behaviours such as obedience emphasise them being caused by an individual’s own personal characteristics rather than situational influences within the environment

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5
Q

What is the F scale?

A

Also known as ‘California F scale’ or ‘Facism Scale’. Is a measure of authoritarian traits or tendicies.

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6
Q

What is a right-wing authoritarianism?

A

A cluster of personality variables that are associated with ‘right-wing’ attitudes to life.

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7
Q

Milgram was a __________ key study in 1963

A

Obedience

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8
Q

Stanley Milgram wanted to test the ‘are ______ different’ hypothesis so he created a ___ experiment to test obedience. This would test the dispositional versus the ____________ hypothesis.

A

Germans
Lab
Situational

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9
Q

In the volunteer sample, how many Americans were there?

A

40

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10
Q

Experiment of ‘______’ - deceived (milgrams method study?)

A

Learning

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11
Q

What were the allocation of roles in the milgram study?

A

Teacher and learner

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12
Q

Pps saw _______ strapped to electric shock ( in the milgram study?)

A

Learner

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13
Q

Are the mild shocks real or fake in the milgram study?

A

Real

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14
Q

The experimenter used experimenter ______ which means the experimenter requires the pp to continue

A

Prods

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15
Q

What were the results that were found in milgram study?

A

65% of pps delivered the full 450v shocks and all subjects went to 300v

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16
Q

What conculsuoj was drawn from the Milgram study?

A

It’s supports the agentic state theory (you are an agent of someone else’s ideas or orders)

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17
Q

What were the strengths of Milgrams study?

A

It had internal reliability and internal validity

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18
Q

What weaknesses were drawn from the Milgram study?

A

Ethical issues - mental harm
Chance of demand characteristics - artifical
Low ecological validity - artificial
Low population validity - only American men

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19
Q

What were the 3 factors in the situational variables affecting obedience in Milgrams variation studies?

A

Proximity, location and uniform

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20
Q

When the teacher and learner were in the same room, obedience fell to _________?

A

40%

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21
Q

When the teacher forced the learners hand to receive a chock, obedience fell to ______?

A

30%

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22
Q

When the experimenter gave orders over the phone, obedience fell to _____?

A

21%

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23
Q

When the location was in a run-down office, obedience fell to ____

A

48%

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24
Q

Field experiments attempt to overcome ______ ________________ and low ____________ ________

A

Demand characteristics
Ecological validity

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25
Q

These field experiments show power of an ______

A

Uniform

26
Q

In Hofling et Al - the doctors and nurses experiment, how many staff nurses were on a night duty in the psychiatric hospital?

A

22

27
Q

The nurses were phoned by ‘Doctor Smith’ and told to give a patient ___mg dose of ________

A

20
Astrogen

28
Q

Astroten was labeled ‘____ _____ 10mg’

A

Max dose

29
Q

How many nurses obeyed orders in the Hofling et Al study?

A

21

30
Q

In Bickmans study, various of uniforms were used when asking passers-by to carry out unusual orders, give an example.

A

Picking up litter

31
Q

What percentage complied with uniform compared to the 42% with those in normal clothes.

A

92%

32
Q

What percentage of people carried out the unusual orders when I’m a milkman uniform?

A

47%

33
Q

One strength of Milgrams findings were?

A

That it was replicated in a French documentary.

34
Q

The French documentary was a ______ show

A

Game

35
Q

The participants believe that they were the contestants in a _______ episode

A

Pilot

36
Q

The participants were given ____ electrical shocks to actors in front of a ______ audience - behaviour is the same - _________ laughter.

A

Fake
Studio
Nervous

37
Q

One weakness of Milgrams study was demand characteristics, use statistics to explain why?

A

75% believed shocks were genuine. But in et Hollands study not many believe in set up and 2/3 were obedient and 1/2 believed shocks were real. Shows demand characteristics.

38
Q

When the Experimenter played by a member of the public, obedience fell to ___

A

20%

39
Q

Another strength of situational variables affecting obedience is that there is research evidence to support internal validity of the experiment. Explain, give an example and link.

A

Explain - gave real shocks to puppy, pps from orders from experimenter.
Example - 54% of men and 100% of women gave what they thought a fatal shock
Link - was genuine and people were obedient even when shocked

40
Q

For the situational variables affecting obedience, a weakness is that there was ethical issues. Explain, give examples and link

A

Explain - pps were decieved
Example - Pps thought allocation of roles was random; was fixed and thought shocks were real
Link - deception in psychological studies can have serious consequences for pps and researcher

41
Q

For situational variables affecting obedience, a weakness is that there is danger of situational perspective. Explain, give examples and link

A

Explain - Mandel argued that it offers and excuse for evil behaviour. It’s offensive for survivours of the Holocaust to suggest nazis were obeying orders
Examples - Milgrams explanation ignores roles of dispositional factors
Link-it’s a different situation to the Nazis

42
Q

In agentic state the person sees themselves as the agent or ___________ of others. They carry out their orders but do not feel __________ for their actions

A

Subordinate,
Responsible

43
Q

The change from _________ to an agentic state is known as _____ _______

A

Autonomous,
Agentic shift

44
Q

Legitimate authority - refers to the amount of social power held by the person who gives the instruction: give both examples

A

1) reflects hierarchical system that we are taught
2) we trust them/ power to punish us

45
Q

Legitimate authority - supporting research:
Give all 3 and explain

A

Milgram: experimenter has legitimate authority over teacher
Bickman: when in security clothing, have legitimate authority
Hofling: doctor has legitimate authority over nurse

46
Q

Gradual commitment - becoming locked into obenice in small stages, is what

A

The foot and dorr technique

47
Q

Gradual commitment - supporting research for milgram

A

15v incrimants

48
Q

Situational explanations of obedience: Agentic state is a limited explanation. Explain, give an example and link.

A

Explain: Does not explain findings of Jacobson’s study as 16/18 hospital nurses disobeyed orders from doctors.
Example: Almost all nurses remained autonomous, as many of Milgrams pps.
Link: Agentic shift can only account for some situations of obedience

49
Q

Situational explanations of obedience: One weakness is the ‘obedience alibi’ Explain, give examples and link.

A

Mandel described one incident in WW2 involving German Reserve Police Battalion 101, critising Milgram suggesting agentic state offers excuses for evil.
Example: men shot civilians in small town in Poland, despite no direct orders to do so, acting in an autonomous way.
Link: shows some authority figures were in control in making a decision but we’re not obedient reducing validity of the theory.

50
Q

Situational explanations of obedience: One strength of legitimate authority is that it explains cultural differences. Explain, give examples and link.

A

Explain: Kilham and Mann found that only 16% of Australian women went all the way up to 450v in a Milgrams style study
Example: Mantell for German pps it was 85%, so, in some cultures authority is more likely to be accepted as legitimate
Link: reflects some societies are structured and how children raised to perceive authority figures

51
Q

Situational explanations of obedience: One weakness is that it cannot explain all disobedience. Explain, give examples and link.

A

Explain: nurses in Rank and Jacobson’s study were mostly disobedient and significant minority of Milgrams pps disobeyed
Example: suggests some people may be more or less obedient than others
Link: innate tendicies to obey or to disobey have greater influence on behaviour than the legitimacy of an authority figure.

52
Q

Situational explanations of obedience: One strength of legitimate authority is that it explains real world crimes. Explain, give examples and link.

A

Kelmen and Hamilton argued that a real world crime of obedience can be understood in terms of the power hiercahy of the US Army
Example: the commanding officers operate within a clearer legitimate hierarchy than hospital doctors and have a greater power to punish.
Link: those prepared to disobey a legitimate authority cannot clearly see the legitimate hierarchy

53
Q

Adorno argued people with an ____________ personality first of all show an extreme respect for authority. Second, such people view society as ‘______’ than it once was, so to believe we need strong and powerful leaders to enforce __________ values such as love of country and family. Both of these ________________ make people with an authoritarian personality more likely to obey orders form a source of authority.

A

Authoritarian, weaker, traditional, characteristics

54
Q

Right wing authoritarianism: refined concept of authoritarian personality by identifying 3 personality __________ that he referred to As ___

A

Variables, RWA

55
Q

High right wing authoritarianism possess what?

A

1) conentionism - adherence to conventional norms
2) authoritarian aggression - aggressive feelings towards people who violate social norms
3) authoritarian submission - uncritical submission to legitimate authorities
These all predisposed to obedience

56
Q

Elms and Milgrams study: procedure in 4 bullet points.

A
  • carried out a follow up study using pps who had taken part in Milgrams orginal studies
  • selected 20 ‘obedient’ pps who had gone to 450v and 20 ‘disobedient’ pps who had not gone to 450V.
  • Each pp completed a California F Scale to measure levels of authoritarianism
    -pps were also asked questions about their attitude towards the experimenter and learner.
57
Q

Elms and Milgrams studiea: findings

A

Found higher levels of authoritarianism among ‘obedient’ pps.
Obedient pps described seeing experimenter as more admirable and the learner less so.

58
Q

Elms and Milgrams studies: what are the strenghs.

A

High reliability - all pps answered the same California F-Scale Questionnaire.

59
Q

Elms and Milgrams studies: what are the weaknesses?

A

Chance of demand characteristics - pps could lie and give wrong answers
No cause and effect - other factors may cause authoritarian personality or obedience
Chance of acquiescene bias
Low population vailidity - 40 American men

60
Q

Dispositional explanations of obedience: Counterpoint to Milgram and Elms. Explain, give examples and link.

A

Explain - when California F Scale viewed, obedient pps had a number of unusual characteristics for authoritarians
Example - Milgrams obedient pps generally did not glorify their fathers, no unusual levels of punishment experienced in childhood.
Link - link between obedience and authoritarianism is complex.

61
Q

Dispositional explanations of obedience: it is a limited explanation. Explain, give examples and link

A

Explain - in pee war Germany, millions of individuals displayed obedient and anti-sematic behaviour.
Example - seemed unlikely that they all Possessed an authoritarian personality. An alternative view was that majority of German people identified with Anti-sematic nazis state.
Link - Adorno’s theory is limited because an alternative explanation is much more realistic.

62
Q

Dispositional explanations of obedience: there is political bias. Explain, give examples and link.

A

Explain The California F Scale was argued to be politically biased interpretation of authoritarian personality.
Example: Extreme right wing and left wing ideologies have a lot in common, emphasising importance of complete obedience to political authority
Link - Adorno’s theory was not comprehensive dispositional explanation that accounts for obedience for authority across the whole political spectrum.

A Level Aqa Psychology (14 decks)

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