Social Influence

Question 1

What is conformity? (💡pressure)

Answer 1

The act of yielding to group pressure

Question 2

Define internalization? (💡Private+Public)

Answer 2

• Publicly and privately changing your opinions and views according to a group norms
• Permanent+persist in absence of group members
• Actions = Internalized

Question 3

Define Identification (💡Public ≠ Private)

Answer 3

• when we value a group= change opinions publicly
• upon leaving= return to private opinions/behaviors

Question 4

Define Compliance?

(💡Temp agreement)

Answer 4

• involves: superficial change in attitude
• changes stop =group pressure ceases

Question 5

What is ISI as an explanation for conformity?

Answer 5

• Desire to be right
• Most likely in ambiguous situations
• Most likely when decisions have to be made quickly
• cognitive process leads to internalization

Question 6

What is NSI as a definition of conformity?

Answer 6

• Desire to not look foolish
• Most likely in situations where norms are unknown
• Most likely concerned about social approval
• emotional rather than cognitive process leads to compliance

Question 7

Give a research support for NSI (💡Asch)

Answer 7

• Asch found: participants conformed because of fear of stupidity/ disapproval
• when participants wrote down answers instead: conformity fell to 12.5%
• Shows= at least some conformity is from a desire to not be rejected by group

Question 8

Give a research support for ISI (💡Lucas et al)

Answer 8

• Lucas: found that participants conformed when maths questions were harder
• harder questions = more ambiguous so rely on answers given
• Shows = individual conform as a result of desire to be right

Question 9

Give a counterpoint to NSI+ISI

💡real word opp

Answer 9

• Dissenter may= reduce power of NSI (Social support)
• Dissenter may= reduce power of ISI (Alternative source)
• therefore; hard to separate and operate together in real life

Question 10

Give a limitation to NSI+ ISI

(💡 Luca)

Answer 10

• individual difference: some people are concerned about being liked by others
• Luca: found that distinction between both is unnecessary
• it is difficult to work out which is in operation.

Question 11

What was Ach’s procedure

💡sample
- Task
- Trials

Answer 11

• 123 America make participants
  -individual asked to compared standard line to others
• there were 18 trials were, 12 critical trials confederates clearly gave wrong answer

Question 12

What were the main findings of Asch’s study?

💡 Percentages!

Answer 12

-75% conformed at least once
-36.8% conformed in total
- 25% Never conformed

Question 13

How did Group size affect the findings in Asch’s study?

💡Data + Explanation

Answer 13

• 2 confederates = 13.6% increase
• 3 confederates = 32.8% increase
• Above 3 confed= no significant increase

Explanation: just one person is enough to say opinions because people are very sensitive to this

Question 14

How did unanimity affect the findings in Asch’s Study?

💡 Data + Explanation

Answer 14

• conformity reduced to less than a quarter then when majority was unanimous
• conformity reduced if dissenter gave wring or right answers

Explanation: having a dissenter enabled the naive participants to behave more independently

Question 15

How did Task difficulty affect the findings of Asch’s line study

💡Data & Task
-Explanation
-NSI/ISI?

Answer 15

• Task: standard line and comparison line more similar in length
• Conformity increased
  Explanation: more ambiguous= more likely to seek to seek guidance
• This NSI

Question 16

Give a limitation of Asch’s study

💡Artifical task + Fiske
💡Explanation

Answer 16

• Paticipants knew here were in research = dealing charcteristucs
  -Fiske (2014) argues that groups≠not like real life groups
  -This means- hard to generalize especially when consequences of conformity is important

Question 17

What is a limitation of Asch’s study

💡Limited application
💡Neto + Bond and smith
💡Explanation

Answer 17

• Only American mean tested
• Neto suggest that women maybe more conformist
• Bond and Smith= Also, individualist+collectivist culture found to have higher conformity
• This means that the findings tell us little about conformity in women+ people from some cultures = limited application

Question 18

Give one research support that support Asch’s study

💡Luca et al + Outline
💡Explanation + task difficulty

Answer 18

• Lucas eat al asked participants to solve easy and hard maths questions and give false answers from other paricipants
• Participants conformed more often and agreed when questions were harder
• This shows: Asch was correct that task difficulty is interested variable affecting conformity.

Question 19

How does Asch’s study raise ethical questions?

💡Deception + Consent

Answer 19

While study provide insight into why people conform
- participants were decided and unable ton give informed consent
- this means that the research is questionable but findings can be justified as a result of application

Question 20

Describe the baseline procedure of Zimbardo’s SPE

💡 Location
💡sample + role allocation
💡Social role encouragement

Answer 20

• Mock prison in the basement of psychology department at Stanford prison experiment
  -21 make student volunteers and randomly allocated role of prisoner or guard
• social roles were encouraged by two routes:
  1. Uniform: this encourage deindividuation as participants were strip searched, give a uniform and adressed by allocated number.
  2. Instructions about behaviors: prisoners would have to ask for a parole to leave and Guards were told they had complete power over prisoners

Question 21

What did Zimabardo find during the SPE?

💡Settement into roles
💡Duration of study + three prisoners
💡Explanation: effective of social roles

Answer 21

• Guards payed their roles enthusiastically and treated prisoners harshly
• Three prisoners were released early because of signs of psychological disturbance
• The study was stopped after six days instead of the panes 14 days
• Explantion: social roles are powerful influences on behavior - most conformed strongly to their roles
  Guards became brutal+ prisoners became submissive
  Other volunteers also easily conformed to their riles in the prison (i.e Chaplain)

Question 22

Give one strength of ZImbardo’s SPE

💡 Control + Internal validity
💡selection of participants + impact on roles
💡Expalantion: convince in drawing conclusions

Answer 22

• emotionally stable participants selected and randomly recruited and allocated roles
• roles off guards therefore not as a result of personality
• this means that control increased the internal validity. So we have more confidence in drawing conclusions about the effects of social roles on conformity;

Question 23

Explain one limitation of Asch’s study

💡Banuaziz +stereotypes

Answer 23

• Banuazizi suggest that participants acted according to stereotypes of how guards and prisoners are supposed to behave
  -this suggest that the SPE tells us little about conformity to social roles in actual prison

Question 24

Give a limitation of Zimabardo’s SPE

💡Exaggeration of Social roles + Data
💡Explanation + dispositional influences

Answer 24

• The power of social roles to influence behavior may have been exaggerated
• Onlya third of the guards behaved brutally
• this means that the SPE overstates the view that the guard were conforming to a brutal role and minimized dispositional influences (i.e personality)

Question 25

Describe the baseline procedure of Milgram’s Study

💡Sample
💡 Allocation of roles
💡Task + consequence

Answer 25

• Recruited 40 American Male participants supposedly for a memory test
• Each participant drew lots for their roles but Mr Wallace (confederate) was always the learner and participant was teacher
• The teacher had to give learner increasingly severe electric shock each time question was wrong
• Fake Shocks increased from 15 to 450 volts

Question 26

What are the key findings from Milgram’s experiment?

💡Data + participant observation
💡Explanation

Answer 26

• 12.5% (5 participants) stopped at 300 volts
• 65% continued to 450 volts (highest level)
• Particpants showed leaves of extreme tension and 3 had full blown uncontrollable seizures
• Explanation: we obey legitimate authority eve if it means that our behavior causes har to someone else and certain situational factors can encourage obedience

Question 27

What research is supporting Milgram’s experiment?

💡Hofling+Beauvois
💡Explanation

Answer 27

• Hofling et al: found that nurses were surprisingly obedient to unjustified instructions from a doctor in a hospital setting
• Beauvois: in a French documentary, 80% of contestants after being paid, gave the maximum 450 volts to an apparently unconscious man.
• This supports Milgram original findings about obedience to authority

Question 28

What is a limitation of Milgram’s study?

💡Perry + Internal validity

Answer 28

• Perry (2013) analysed the archive of the tape recordings and found that only half of the participants believed that the shocks were real.
• This suggests that participants may have been responding to demand characteristics and therefore reducing the internal validity of the experiment

Question 29

Discuss the ethical issues of Milgram’s study

💡deception + Explanation

📍Keep going, you’re doing great x

Answer 29

• The participants in the study were deceived and thought the shocks were real
• psychologist feel that this deception could have serious consequences on participants i. No informed consent
• This means that research can damage the reputations of psychologist and their research in the eyes for the public

Question 30

How did proximity affect the findings from Milgram’s study?

💡Teacher + learner data + Expalantion

📍There’s literally nothing you cannot do x

Answer 30

• Teacher + learner in the same room= dropped from 65% to 40%
• Teacher forcing hand of learners= obedience rate was 30%
• Experimenter gave instructions over the phone= rate was 20.5%
• Explanation: decreased proximity allows people to psychologically distance themselves from the consequences of their actions.

Question 31

How did Location affect the findings of Milgram’s study?

💡Baseline Location + Data
💡Explanation

📍Tough one but you’ve got it x

Answer 31

• The study was conducted in a run-down building rather than the prestigious Yale university as a baseline
• Conformity dropped to 47.5%
• Explanation: this is because the university is regarded as legitimate authority therefore obedience was higher

Question 32

How did uniform affect the findings of Milgram’s study?

💡Baseline study + variation
💡 Data +Explanation

📍You’re going to smash this x

Answer 32

• The experiment wore a grey lab coat as a uniform in the baseline study
• In one variation, he role was taken by an ordinary member of the public in normal clothes
• Obedience fell to 20%, the lowest of these variations
  -Explanation: a uniform is a string symbol of legitimate authority granted by the society. Someone without uniform has less right to expect obedience

Question 33

Describe one research support as a strength for the influence of situational variables

💡Bickman + Expalantion

📍Trust the process love🙂‍↕️

Answer 33

• Bickman’s confederates dressed in jackets, milkman and security guard issues demand (i.e order liter picking in New York)
• Peole were twice as likely to obey the ‘security guard’ than the other outfits
• Explanation: this shows what a situational variable such as uniform, does have a powerful effect on obedience