Memory Flashcards
Describe the research supporting Duration of STM?
💡 Peterson
💡 Explain
📍there’s literally nothing you cannot do, whallai x
- Peterson and Peterson: found that in a memory retention test
- After 3 seconds the average recall was about 18%. After 18 seconds it was about 3%
- This means that STM duration without rehearsal is up to about 18 seconds
Describe the research supporting Capacity of memory?
💡Jacobs
💡Miller
📍consistency, consistency x
-Jacobs: found that, in a digit span test, on average participants could repeat back 9.3 numbers and 7.3 letters in the correct order immediately they were presented
- Miller: found that the span of STM is about 7 items (+/-) but is increased by chunking.
Describe research supporting coding in memory
💡 Baddley
💡 Meaning
📍tug it out x
- Baddley: found that immediate recall was worse with acoustically similar words
- This means that STM is acoustic
- Recall after 20 minutes worse with semantically similar words.
- This means that LTM is semantic
Describe research supporting the duration of the LTM?
💡Bahrick + Sample
💡Findings + Meaning
📍get it get it🙂↕️
- Bahrick: found that 90% of 392 Americans aged 17 and 74 were able to recognize their mates after 15 years of graduation
- 70% were able to recognize their mates after 48 years of gradation.
- this suggest that the duration of the long term memory is for. A life time.
Can you evaluate research supporting the STM & LTM?
💡Baddley: S+L
💡Peterson: task
💡Bahrick: valid
📍you’ve come so far 🫂
- Baddley: his reasearch was able to identify two separate stores leading to the development of the multistore model
- A limitation of this is that it used artifical stimuli. The words had no personal meaning so tells us little about doing for everyday memory task = limited application
- Peterson and Peterson: uses a meaningless stimuli, nonsense syllables does not reflect meaningful everyday memory task + lacks external validity.
- Bahrick: study had high external validity because of the use of meaningful memories = reflect more real estimate of the duration of the LTM
📍i knew you could! 🍾
What does the Multi-store model entail?
💡Model suggestion
💡Stores?
💡Coding, Capacity and duration
📍dont let the memory down x 😉
- it suggest that there are separate memory store, where information is passed in a linear fashion.
- It consist of the sensory register, the short term memory and the long term memory.
- The sensory register: all stimuli fro the environment each for each sense
- Short term memory: coded acoustically, duration about 18-30 seconds and capacity between 7+/- items and imported by chunking
- Long term memory: coded semantically, duration potentially up to a lifetime and has a potentially unlimited capacity.
What is a limitation of the Multi store memory model?
💡Patient KF (C: better-read)
💡Conclusion Shallice
💡Evaluation
📍it’s in there bbg x
- Pateint KF had amnesia and his STM recall for digits was poor when he heard them but much better when he read them (shallice and warrignton)
- This suggest that the MSM is wring to claim there is just ine STM store processing different types of information.
- This is a weakness because is is an incomplete model and therefore has limited applicability
What does lack of cues do to revival of information?
💡Positives
💡different cues?
💡Types of forgetting + example
📍better days coming foshure x🙂↕️
- Cue help retrieval of the same ones are present both at encoding and at retrieval.
- If the cues available at encoding and retrieval are different, there will be some forgetting
- Context depending forgetting: recall depends on external cues (i.e weather, place)
- State dependent forgetting: recall depends on internal cues (i.e drunk, happy)
Explain research supporting context dependent forgetting
💡Godden and Baddley + Sample
💡Task + Conditions
💡Findings + Explain
📍🗣️📢 worldwideeee x
- Godden and Baddley: made deep sea divers learn words and asked the to recall under different conditions. (Land and water)
- They found accurate recall was 40% lower in mismatched contexts than in matched conditions
- this shows that the retrieval failure was due to absence of encoded context cues at time of recall.
Explain research supporting state dependent forgetting
💡Cater + Sample
💡Task + Conditions
💡Findings + Explain
📍Dangote still dey find money x🙂↕️
- Cater and Cassaday: made participants recall lists of words under different conditions.
- the conditions involved being drunk and being sober
- They found that recall was significantly worse in mismatched cues compared to the marched cues
- This means that when cues at encoding are present at retrieval then there is more forgetting.
What is the interference theory?
💡Theory suggestion
💡Pro + Retro
📍consistency, consistency x
- this theory suggest that when two pieces of information disrupt each other, forgetting may occur
- Pro active interference: when old interferes with new new
- Retroactive interference: New information interferes with old.
Describe research supporting the interference theory
💡Baddley and Hitch
💡Task + Findings
💡Kepel + Underwood
💡Task + Findings
📍keep going ml x
- Baddley and hitch found that=at rugby players who played the most games forgot more games than those who played fewer times
- This was a result of retroactive interference.
- Kepel and underwood: participants typically remembered triages that were presented first
- This results suggest proactive interfence occurred
What is the working memory model?
💡By who?
💡 Why?
💡Stores
📍there’s literally nothing you cannot do x
- This was proposed by Baddley & Hitch to combat the inadequacies of the multi store model
- This focuses on the short term memory and put forward a multi component which consists of:
- Central executive, Phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad.
Describe the roles of each store in the working memory model
💡CE + master
💡PL + Stores
💡VSS+ Stores
📍just keep at it ml x
- The central executive: this has a supervisory role and monitors incoming data, directs attention and allocate subsystems to tasks.
- The phonological loop: deals with auditory information and divided into phonological store (store the words you hear) and auditory process (allows maintenance rehearsal)
- The visuo-spatial sketch pad: stores visual and/or spatial information and divided into visual cache: stores visual data and inner Scribe: records arrangement of objects on visual fields
What is the role of the episodic buffer in the working memory model?
💡When + Role
💡Link
📍It’s in there love 🙂↕️
- Added in 2000, integrates visual,spatial and verbal information from other stores
- it also links this information to the long term memory
Is there a real life case study that supports the working memory model?
💡 Shallice
💡How?
💡Evaluate
📍there’s nothing you cannot do oloun n’gbo x
- Shallice and Warignton who studies Patient KF who had a brain injury
- His STM for auditory information was poor (damaged PL) but he could process visual information normally (intact vss)
- This supports the WMM view that there are separate visual and acoustic memory stores
How does the dual task studies support the working memory model?
💡Baddley + Task
💡Findings
💡Explain
📍think a bit harder ml x
- Baddley found that participants found it harder to Carry point two visual tasks at the same time than to do a verbal and a visual task
- This is because both visual tasks computer for the same subsystem (VSS)
- Therefore, there must be a secretary subsystem that processes visual input and verbal process
Describe about limitation of the working memory model
💡 Clarity CE
💡Why?
💡Explain
📍tug it out xxx
- There is lack of clarity over the central executive system
- Being named the most important but the least understood component of the working memory model
- This limits the application of the WMM as this challenges the integrity of the model.
Describe research supporting how misleading information affects eyewitness testimony.
💡Loftus + Sample
💡Task
💡Findings
📍get it get it 🙂↕️
- Loftus and palmer made 45 students watch clips of a car accidents and then answer questions about their speed
- Each question containing different verbs of “how far were the cars going when they hit/bumped/collided with each other
- They found that the verb “contacted” had an estimate of 31.8mph and the verb “smashed” had a mean speed of 40.5mph
Describe research supporting the effect of post event discussion on eye witness testimony
💡Gabbert + sample
💡Task
💡Findings
📍there’s literally nothing you cannot do, oloun n’gbo x
- Gabbert et al made participants watch a video of the same crime and allowed participants to discuss what they had seen on the video with eh other
- They found that 71% of participants wrongly recalled aspects of the event they did not see in the video but heard in the discussion
Why does post even information affect Eyewitness testimony?
💡 Memory Conta
💡Memory Confor
- Memory Contamination: when co-witness discuss a crime, they mix (mis)information from other witnesses with their memory
- Memory Conformity: witnesses go along with each other to win social approval or because they live the other witnesses are right.
What effect does anxiety gave on eyewitness testimony?
💡Positive yullie
💡Negative weapon
📍you’ve got this one X
- Positive effect: Yullie and Cutshall found that in real life gun shop crime, witnesses were very accurate in their recollection of the event after 4-5months
- Negative effect: Johnson and Scott (weapon focus) found that when patients were put on high and low anxiety condition, 49% of the participants in low anxiety conditions were able to identify the man and 22% of participants in high anxiety conditions were bale to identify the man.
What is the Inverted U theory?
💡Yerkes
💡Recall vs Stress
📍oof 😮💨
- Yerkes and Dodson argue that the relationship between performance and stress is an inverted u
- Th Inverted U theory states that performance will increase with stress but only to a certain point, where is creases drastically.
What are the four main techniques of the cognitive interview?
💡Stage
💡Meaning
💡Reason
📍bless up bless up 🍾😮💨
- Report Everything: include all detail even irrelevant: this triggers other memory
- Reinstate the Context: imagine the environment and emotions: cues from the content may trigger recall
- Reverse the order: events are recalled in a different order: prevents dishonest and basing their description off expectation.
- Change Perspective: recall from other people’s perspective: prevents influence of expectation and schema recall
