Attachement Flashcards
What does Reciprocity and international synchrony mean in caregiver-interactions?
💡Define + Age +Examples
💡Define + Age+ Examples
📍Be mindful ml xx
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Reciprocity: this is when a baby and a caregiver response to and elicit responses from each other. This seen from around three months according to Feldman
For example: the caregiver responds to baby smile by saying something and baby responds with sounds of pleasure -
Interactional synchrony: this is when a caregiver and a baby mirror each other’s behaviors. Meltzoff and Mooore observed this in babies of at least 2weeks old
For example: a bay cooing followed by a response of cooing from the caregiver
What happens in the four stages of attachment according to Shaffer and Emerson?
💡 Name
💡Observation detts
📍there’s nothing you cannot do ml xx
- Stage 1: Asocial stage (0-2months): behavior towards people and inanimate objects are similar
- Stage 2: Indiscriminate( 2-7 months): preference for people rather than inanimate objects but the same towards all
- Stage 3: Specific (7-12 months): baby form a specific attachment with a primary attachment figure (usually mom) + sepreation and stranger anxiety
- Stage 4: Multiple (12 months): form multiple secondary attachment as see by Schafer and Emerson.
Can you describe the research of Schaffer and Emerson into attachments?
💡Sample + study type
💡Measured? How?
💡Findings + Reciprocity
📍Just be mindful babes, it in there xx
- Sample: 60 Glaswegian babies from working class families
It was a longitudinal study with a periodic visit of every month for a year and again at 18 months - Measured: Seperation anxiety was measured by asking mothers to leave kids and Stnager anxiety measuref by asking question about child’s response to unfamiliar adults
- Findings: they found that babies develop attachment through 4 stages (asocial - multiple)
They also found that the specific attachment tend to be towards the person who was most interactive or sensitive to the babies signals (most reciprocity)
Can you evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s attachment study: see prompts:
💡External validity + Counterpoints
💡Real world application
📍its in there babes xx
- External validity: most of the observation were made by parents during ordinary activities meaning that the babies were in their natural environment and would act naturally. Therefore reducing demand characteristics and increasing external validity.
Counter point: mothers may have been biased towards their report as a result of social desirability bias. - Real world application: in the early stages (asocial and indiscriminate) babies can be comforted by skilled adult. But if daycare stated at later stages like specific, care from an unfamiliar adults can cause distress to baby. This ends that the stages of attachments can help make day care decision
What is the role of the father according to psychologist?
💡Shaffer 3%
💡Geiger: playmate
💡Hrdy: Estrogen
💡Blesky: Marital I
📍be mindful babes, its in there xx
- Shaffer and Emerson: found that the majority of babies became attached to their mother first. In only 3% of cases the father was the sole object of attachment.in 75% go the babies studied, an attachment was later formed by the age of 8.
- Play mate(Geiger):found that fathers a father’s play interaction were more exciting in comparison to a mothers’. While the mother’s interaction were more affectionate and nurturing
- Estrogen: Hrdy found that fathers were less able to detect low levels of infant distress in comparison to mothers.
- Can form: Belsky found that males who reported higher levels of marital intimacy also displayed a father - infant attachment and vice versa .
Can you describe Lorenz’s imprinting research?
💡Sample + Condition
💡Findings
💡Discovery
📍consistency, consistency, consistency xx
- Sample: He divided a large clutch of goose eggs in which one half were hatched with the mother in natural environment and the other half hatched in an incubator where the first moving object they saw was Lorenz
- He then mixed all the goslings together to see who they followed and found that the incubator group followed lorenz while control group followed mother
- He identified a critical period in which imprinting needs to take place (few hours after hatching) ifimorinting did not occur within that tie, chicks did not attach themselves to the mother figure
Can you describe harlow’s research study?
💡Sample + Conditions
💡Findings
💡Suggest?
📍think before you click ml xx
- Sample: he reared 16 rhesus monkeys with two models: milk dispensed ny wired mother and milk dispensed by wired mother covered in cloth
- he observed their behaviors in frightening situations and he found that the aby minkes cuddles the cloth covered monkey in preference to the plain wired monkey
- This suggest this that content comfort was of more importance than food in attachment behaviors
Can you evaluate animal studies of attachment? (See prompts)
💡Generalization
💡Real World Value
📍my baby rememberrrr🎤
- Generalization: the human attachment system is somewhat different from that of animals like birds and monkeys. For example humans have a more complex mind. This means that it may not be appropriate to generalize findings from animals studies of attachment to human.
- real world value: it has helped social workers to understand the risk factors in child abuse and thud intervene to prevent it. Also now understand the importance of attachment figures for baby monkeys in zoos and breeding programmes. This means that animal studies has benefited bit humans and animals
What does the learning theory suggest in general?
💡Cupboard love
💡Classical conditioning
💡Operant Conditioning
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- Cupboard love: it is sometimes called the cupboard love because it emphasizes the importance of food in attachment formation.
- Classical Conditioning- association: the UCS (food) leads to a UCR (a feeling of pleasure). The caregiver starts a NS but when she becomes associated with food, it becomes a CS. Once this has taken place, the sight of the caregiver brings about R of pleasure. This is argued to be on the basis of love.
- Operant conditioning - reinforcement: explains why babies cry for comfort. By this principle, behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated,a ns behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be repeated
Can you evaluate the learning theory?
💡Counter evidence x2
📍consistency, consistency xx
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Counter evidence: this is from animal studies. Lorenz geese imprinted on first moving object they saw, harlow’s monkeys attached to a soft surrogate in preference to wired wiht food. In both, these animals did not develop attachment as a result of feeding. This shows that factors other than feeding are important in attachment formation.
Another is from human studies: Schaffer and Emerson found that for many abuse their main attachment was not to who fed them most but who showed more reciprocity. This again suggest that other factors are more important in attachment formation.
What are the main features of Bowlby’s monotropic theory?
💡Innate + 4 others
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- Innate: this means there is an evolutionary basis to attachment that gives a survival advantage. It suggests that imprinting and attachment evolved because they ensure your animals stay close to their caregivers — protecting them from hazards.
- Monotropy: having one main attachment figure. (Mono=one, tropic= leaning towards). This attachment is more important and this can be with a caregiver who is not necessarily the biological mother.
- Social releasers: suggest that babies are born with a set of innate cute behaviors that encourages attention from adults. This is ti activate social interaction.
- Critical period: this is the age when an infant’s attachment system is active (0-2yrs)
- Internal working model: suggest that the child forms a mental representation/ template of the relationship with their caregiver and serves as a template of what their future relationships will look like.
Can you describe the Ainsworth strange study?
💡Sample + Experimental techniques
💡Categories x5
💡Findings + %
- Sample: 9-18 months American babies in a controlled lab observation
- Categories: Proximity seeking, Exploration and secure base behaviors, stranger anxiety, seperation anxiety, stranger anxiety and response to reunion
- Findings:
Secure attachment (66%): seems care giver as secure base and shows mode are separation and stranger anxiety, requires and accepts comfort on reunion
Insecure - avoidant attachment (22%): no secure base, shows little to no separation and stranger anxiety and avoid contact at reunion
Insecure- resistant attachment (12%): seeks greater proximity, high levels of stranger anxiety and resists comfort when reunited with caregiver.
Can you describe the cultural variation in attachment as researched by Van ijzendoorn and Kroonberg?
💡Sample
💡3 findings
💡 Percentages (Brits+china)
📍be mindful babes xxx
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Sample: A meta analysis of 32 studies from eight different countries that has used Aisnworth’s strange situation.
Three were three key findings - secure attachment was the most common type of attachment in all the cultures examined
- Japan and Israel (collectivist cultures) showed higher levels of insecure-resistant attachment
- Germany (an individualist culture) showed higher levels of insecure-avoidant attachment.
Percentages: 50% secure attachment in china, 75% secure attachment in Britain
What dos the theory of maternal deprivation suggest?’
💡cause
💡deprivation vs separation
💡critical period and effects list
📍take your time with this one ml xx
- Cause: Bowlby believed that separation from a mother’s love may lead to maternal deprivation
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Difference:separation means the child not being physically in the presence do the primary care giver while Deprivation means losing emotional care as a result of separation. Thus separation doesn’t alwyas cause deprivation
Critical period:If a child is separated from their mother from the first 2and half years the damage is inevitable, If a child is deprived of maternal care for too long, this may lead to: mental retardation, affectionless psychopathy an do the cognitive or emotional stuntedness
Can you describe and evaluate what happened in the juvenile thieves study?
💡sample
💡conditions
💡findings
💡real world
💡flawed evidence
💡rutter
📍please be mindful, think before you click ml x
- Sample: 44 deliquent teenagers accused of stealing were sampled
They were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy and families were als interviewed to establish any prolonged separation from the mother.
14 of the 44 thieves could b described as affectionless psychopaths and 12 of these had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers in the first two years of their lives.
This suggest that salty separation caused affectionless psychopathy
Evaluation
Real world appplication: affectionless how children in the child care system are treated
Flaws evidence: Bowlby’s set out to look for something specific and profound it, indicating a self fulfilling prophecy.
Rutter: made the distinction between deprivation and privation as Bowlby had both confused. And Bowlby may have exaggerated the findings as rutter noted
Can you describe Rutter’s Romanian orphanage study?
💡Sample + Aim
💡Control
💡Findings: before, follow ups+ disinhibited attachment
💡Conclusion: sensitive period
📍just be mindful babes xx
- Sample: studied 165 Romanian orphans (111orphans adopted before the age of 2, 54 adopted before the age of 4) adopted in Britain to test to what extent good care make up for the poor early experiences in institutions
- A control group:of 52 British children adopted before 6 months were compared
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Finding: At the time of adoption Romanian orphans were behind their British counterparts. They weighed less, and classed as mentally retarded. By the age of 4, some of the Romanian orphans had caught up if they were adopted before 6 months
Follow ups confirmed that the significant effects remains in the children who were in institutional care beyond the age of 6 months. Disinhibited attachment was apparent in children these children (adopted after the age of six months old) - Conclusion: suggest that there is a sensitive period in the development of attachment — failure to form attachments before the age of six months (and after the age of 2 years) appears to have ling lasting effects.
Can you evaluate Rutter’s Romanian orphanage study?
💡Real world application
💡Generalisabilty
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- Real world application: results from this research has improved the was children are cared in institutions. They now avoids having a large number of caregivers for one child instead one plays each key role. This means children in institutional care have the chance to develop normal attachments asa result of this research.
- Generalisabilty: the Romain orphans were nit the typical, Thea had particularly poor standard of care especially when it came to forming relationships. It is possible that the conditions were so bad that the results f the study are not generalizable as other institutions may have better quality care.
What is the influence of early attachment on later relationships?
💡internal working model
💡Good+bad attachment?
💡childhood and adulthood link
📍its in there ml x
Internal working model: first attachment is a template for future relationships
Good attachment= good relationship expectation
Bad attachment= bad relationships expectations
Childhood= link with friendships and bullying
Adulthood= link with parenting style and romantic relationships
