social influence Flashcards
what is obedience
someone responds to a direct order given by a percieved authority figure
what is conformity
the social norms of the majoirty influence the person is surrounded with.
what is compliance
going along with others in public.
not agree with them in private.
what is internalisation
behaviours/beliefs are accpeted by someone and becomes their own.
what is identification
someone changes their own behaviour to fit in the group
what is normative social influence (NSI)
conform for a desire to be liked
what is informative social influence (ISI)
conforming to others for a desire to be right
how many participants were in Asch’s study?
123 american male undergraduates
how many trials were critical? (Asch)
12 out of 18
how many participants conformed once (Asch)
75%
how many participants never conformed (Asch)
25%
how many times did participants give incorrect answers (Asch)
36.8%
how did group size affect conformity in Asch’s study
conformity decreased
Level of conformity when there was 2 other confederates going along (Asch)
13%
conformity when there was 3 or 4 participants (Asch)
32%
how did unanimity affect conformity in Asch’s study
fell to 36.8%
how did answering in private affect conformity in Asch’s study
conformity decreased
why was there low validity in Asch’s study
limited sample, findings cant be generalised.
how can the country it was studied affect the findings (Asch)
cant be generalised- different social norms across countries
aim of Asch’s study
to establish the extent that the group pressure can influnce an individual to conform using an unambigious task.
what procedure did Asch use
had to state which line was the same length as the original.
what was the aim of zimbardo’s study
how readily people would conform to social roles in a stimulated prison-life
what did zimabardo find from his study
-guards took any opportunity to punish the prisoners
-prisoners were rebelling
why did the experiment had to be called off early
guards were s threat to all prisoners psychological and physical health
what did zimbardo conclude from his experiment
everyone conformed to their roles
what is a strength of zimbardos experiment
control over variables and increased internal validity
what was the weaknesses of zimbardo’s study
-lack of realism
-role of dispositional influences
-unethical
what is the aim of milgram’s study
whether people will obey a perceived authority figure even when required to injure another person.
what was milgrams procedure in his experiment
telling participants to be the teacher and shock the confederate when they got an answer wrong, while a perceived authority figure was in the room.
what did milgram find from his study
65% of participants gave a lethal shock of 450 volts and all participants went to 300v
what did milgram conclude from his experiment
crimes against humanity may arise from situational factors rather than dispositional factors. not evil people commit evil crimes.
what is the weaknesses of milgrams study
-unethical
-low internal validity
what are the variations of milgrams study
-increased proximity
-decreseaed proximity
-location
-uniform
-teacher shocked
research support for milgrams uniform variation
Hickman 1974, people were twice as likely to help a guard rather than a normal individual
what is the strengths of bickmans study
high ecological validity
what are the limitations of bickmans study
-decieved participants
-oppotunity sample used
-no informed consent
research support for milgrams study in a real life situation
hoftling 1966, found that majority of nurses complied to the ‘doctors’ orders.
strengths of holftlings study
-cross-culture variations
-control of variables
-‘obedience alibi’
weaknesses of hoftlings study
-lack of internal validity
what is the autonomous state
people are in control and take responsibility of their actions
what is the agentic state
the believe they are under the control of others who are responsible for their actions.
what is the agentic shift
someone moves from the autonomous state to the agentic.
what are binding factors
aspects of a situation that allows the person to ignore damaging effects of their behaviour.
what are buffers
blur the reasonable and unreasonable request by others.
evaluation of agentic and autonomous state
-research support (blass and Schmitt)
-limited explanation
-zimbardos study
-real life application (my lai massacre)
what are situational factors
behaviour depending on someones situation and circumstances
what are dispositional factors
behaviour depending on characteristics and personality
Adorno’s aim of his experiment
investigate the obedience personality
what was Adornos procedure
used a questionnaire (f-scale) to see If people had a deep-seated personality.
what is the authoritarian personality (Adorno)
a personality where they were more likely to obey to authority figures
what did Adorno claim caused the authoritarian personality
-childhood
-abuse
-impossible high standards
-punishment
-type of parenting
-parents view and teachings
what did Adorno say was the characteristics of the authotarian personality
-black and white views
-close-minded
-sterotypical
-project feelings of weakness onto others
-hostile
what are the effects to having an authotarian personality according to Adorno
-feeling no remorse
-strong beliefs
-troublesome
- more likely to obey.
strengths of Adornos authotarian personality
-research support (elms and milgram)
weaknesses of Adornos authotarian personality
-policitcal bias
-limited explanation
-correlation not causation
-methodological problems
what are the strengths of milgrams study
-external validity
-research support
-supporting replication (French reality tv)
what is the research support for Asch
Allen and Levine 1971
social pressure makes people conform
what did gammon et al 1982 find in his study
participants were more likely to not obey if one person disobeyed which led to greater resistance.
what is a high locus of control (LOC)
don’t rely on others opinions
more achievement orientated
resist coercion
what is high external LOC
rely on others opinions
less achievement orientated
less able to resist coercion
what is a LOC
senses we have about who directs events in our lives.
what is the supporting research for LOC
holland 1967- replication of milgrams study
how many internals LOC shocked pts in Hollands study
37%
how many external LOC shocked pts in Hollands study
23%
what is the contradictory support for LOC
twenge 2004, did a meta-analysis
what did twinge conclude from his experiment
people are more resistant to obedience but have adapted a external LOC
what is the aim of moscovici’s study
could a consistent minority group influence a majority group in a colour perception test.
what was mosovici’s procedure
there was two conditions
-consistant: called slide green on all slides
-inconsitstant: 24 green, blue 12
measured the groups
how many participants In the consistent condition call the slides green in moscovici’s study
8.4%
how many participants in the consistent condition call the slide green once in moscovici’s study
32%
how many participants in the inconsistent condition called the slides green
1.3%
what did moscovici conclude from his experiment
minority groups must be consistent to influence majority groups, and inconsistent groups lack real influence.
what is a weakness of moscovici’s study
-lacks external validity
-gynocentric (sample of only females)
-unethical
-ethonocentric (sample of one ethnicity/culture)
-artificial setting
what is synchronic consistency
a group saying all the same thing
what is diachronic synchrony
a group saying the same thing for some of the time
what is the augmentation principle
if there are risks involved in putting forward a point then the minority group will be taken more seriously
why does a minority group need to be committed according to moscovici
shows certainty, confiedence, courage in the face of the majority group
why must a minority group be flexible according to mosscovici
must be willing to negotiate and will be seen as ‘dogmatic’ if not. minority view will be more accepted
research support for consistency in a minority influence
wood et al1994
consistent minorities were most influential and a major factor in minority influence
research support for deeper processing in minority influence
Martin et al 2008
pts were willing to change opinions if they listened to a majority group that minority.
what is the first step for social change through minority influence
drawing attention to the issue
what is the second step of social change through minority influence
consistency
what is the third step of social change though minority influence
deeper processing
what is the fourth step of social change through minority influence
augmentation principle
what is the fifith step of social change through minority influence
snowball effect
what is the final step of social change through minority influence
social crytomnesia
what is a negative of the steps of social change through minoirty influence
only indirectly effective
what is the positives of the steps of social change through minority influence
real life examples
what did conformity levels change to in milgrams decreased proximity variation (experimenter left)
30%
what did conformity levels change to in milgrams increased proximity in milgrams variation (teacher forced shock)
20.5%
what did conformity levels change to in milgrams proximity variation (same room)
40%
what did conformity levels change to in milgrams location variation
47.5%
what did conformity levels change to in milgrams uniform variation
20%
what did conformity levels change to in milgrams assistant variation (assistant gave shock)
92.5%
what was the proceedure of Jenness study 1932
used an ambgious istuation and got participants to guess the amont of beans individually and in a group
on average how much did male pts changed their answers by in jenness study 1932
256 beans
on average how much did female pts change their answer by in jenness study 1932
382 beans
