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my a-level classes year 12 > approaches in psychology > Flashcards

approaches in psychology Flashcards

1
Q

when was the first psychology lab opened

A

1879

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2
Q

who opened the psychology lab

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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3
Q

what did Wilhelm Wundt establish

A

-structuralism
-introspection
-scientfic method

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4
Q

what is structuralism

A

breaking down behaviours into their basic elements

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5
Q

what is introspection

A

pts are asked to reflect on their own cognitive process and describe them

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6
Q

research support for introspection

A
  • Griffiths (1994)
  • csikzentmilyi and hunter (2003)
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7
Q

how to tell if something is scientific

A

Control
Hypothesis and testing
Objectivity
Predictability
Replicability

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8
Q

what are the four goals of psychology

A
  1. description
  2. explanation
  3. prediction
  4. change
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9
Q

strength of introspection

A

used in the modern day and has research support

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10
Q

weakness of introspection

A

subjective data and opposing support

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11
Q

what was Wundt’s assumptions on the scientific approach

A
  1. all behaviour is determined
  2. we can predict how human beings can behave in different conditions
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12
Q

strengths of the scientific approach

A

new knowledge acquired, valid and reliable.

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13
Q

weaknesses of the scientific approach

A

creates artificial behaviour and is unobservable.

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14
Q

who was the behaviourist approach founded by

A

J.B Watson 1915

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15
Q

assumptions of the behaviourist approach

A

-when we are born our mind is a blank slate
-behaviour is learnt from interactions with the environment
-we are a product of our learning, experience and environment

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16
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

a type of learning where an involuntary reflex Is associated with a new stimulus

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17
Q

what did Pavlov study

A

salvation in dogs

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18
Q

what was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlovs study

A

food

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19
Q

what was the unconditioned response in Pavlovs study

A

salvation

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20
Q

what was the neutral stimulus in pavlovs study

A

a bell

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21
Q

what was the conditioned response in pavlovs study

A

salvation

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22
Q

what was the name of Watson and Rayner’s study

A

little Albert

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23
Q

what was the unconditioned stimulus in Watson and Rayners study

A

a loud noise

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24
Q

what was the conditioned response in Watson and Rayners study

A

little Albert crying

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25
Q

what was the neutral stimulus in Watson and Rayners study

A

white rat

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26
Q

what was concluded from Watson and Rayners study

A

can explain why people have phobias and that they are learnt through classical conditioning.

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27
Q

what are the weaknesses of Watson and Rayners study

A

unethical- causing psychological damage to a child

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28
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

indirectly occuring, watching someone elses behvaiour and watching them recieve a reward or punishment for their actions.

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29
Q

if someone recieves a reward for their behaviour what is more likely to happen

A

behaviour is more likely to occur

30
Q

if someone recieves a punishment for their behaviour what is more likely to happen

A

behaviour is less likely to happen

31
Q

what are the types of reinforcement

A

-positive
-negative
-punishment

32
Q

what did skinner claim

A

all behaviour is learnt from a result of consequences in our environment

33
Q

what type of conditioning did skinner use in his study

A

operant conditioning

34
Q

what was the proceedure of skinners study

A

a rat was placed inside ‘skinners box’ and learnt itself to press a button for food.

35
Q

what are the strengths of skinners study

A

replicable
strong counter-arguments
real-life applications
quantitative data

36
Q

what are the strenths of the behvaiourist approach

A

scientific
testable and supported
establish cause and effect and objective

37
Q

what are the weaknesses of skinners study

A

lack of ecological validity
lack of qualitative data
not generalisable

38
Q

what are the weaknesses of the behaviourist approach

A

ignores important mental processes in learning
reductionist

39
Q

what are the assumptions of the social learning theory

A

behaviour is learnt through experience
learning occurs through observation and imitation of the role models

40
Q

what are the two types of models in the SLT

A

live and symbolic

41
Q

what is the live model

A

people present in our environment

42
Q

what is the symbolic model

A

people present in the media

43
Q

what is imitation

A

copying behaviour of others that we see as a role model.

44
Q

what is identification

A

something about the role model we identify with

45
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

learning about consequences of behaviours from others and adjust your own behaviour

46
Q

What three conditions were in banduras bobo doll experiment

A
  1. Watched an adult beat the doll
  2. Watched the adult play and be non-aggressive
  3. Had no adult role model to watch
47
Q

What were the findings of banduras experiment

A

Children were more likely to act aggressive in the first condition and vise versa for the second condition

48
Q

What is the mediational process

A

Observational learning uses cognitive data and occurs between stimulus and response

49
Q

What is needed for modelling to occur

A

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation

50
Q

What are the strengths of the social learning theory

A

Lab experiments
Explains complex behaviours

51
Q

What are the weaknesses of the social learning theory

A

Artificial experiments
Individual differences not accounted for
Ignores the role of biology

52
Q

What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach

A

Information received from our senses is processed which directs the way we behave

53
Q

What is a schema

A

A cognitive framework that helps us learn organise and interpret information based on past experiences

54
Q

What is a computer model

A

Compute analogy focuses on how the brain inputs, stores and Retrieves information like a computer

55
Q

What is a theoretical model

A

Used to explain in observable processes in a concrete testable way

56
Q

What mental processes does a theoretical model show

A

Multi-store memory
Working memory

57
Q

How is cognitive neuroscience used in psychology

A

FMRI and PET scans are used to show the influence of brain structures on mental processes

58
Q

What are the strengths of the cognitive approach

A

Lab experiments
Real-life application

59
Q

Weaknesses of the cognitive approach

A

Low ecological validity
Machine reductionism
Low internal validity
Doesn’t consider human emotion

60
Q

What are the assumptions of the biological approach

A

Must look at biological processes and structures to understand human behaviour

61
Q

What is a genotype

A

Recessive or dominant genes which is written in the DNA

62
Q

What is a real phenotype

A

The way the genetic code is expressed through physical, behavioural characteristics

63
Q

What can genes be influenced by

A

Nature and nurture

64
Q

What are monozygotic eggs

A

Same genes and have a higher rate of concordance

65
Q

What are dizygotic eggs

A

Twins that share 50% of genes and have characteristics influenced by genetic factors

66
Q

How many eggs are involved in monozygotic twins

A

1

67
Q

How many eggs are involved to n dizygotic twins

A

2

68
Q

What is evolution is psychology

A

Understanding human behaviour as the result of psychological adaptation and natural selection

69
Q
A
70
Q

Strengths of the biological approach

A

Real-life application
Scientific methods
Clear predictions about behaviour

71
Q

Weaknesses of the biological approach

A

Deterministic view of behaviour
Not ethical to study twins
Approach is reductionist

my a-level classes year 12 (17 decks)

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