Attachment Flashcards
Reciprocity
Mother and infant respond to each others signals and elicit a response
International synchrony
Mother and infant reflect actions and emotions in a co-ordinated way
First stage of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson 1954
Asocial (birth to 6weeks)
Second stage of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson
Indiscriminate (2-7months)
Third stage of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson
Specific attachment (7+months)
Fourth stage of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson
Multiple attachment (7+months)
Evaluation for Schaffer and Emerson’s study
Reductionistic
Good external validity
Improved validity-longitudinal design
Evaluation against Schaffer and Emerson’s study
Difficult to observe
Not generalisable
Alternative explanation
What % of fathers were the first attachment in Schaffer and Emerson’s study
3%
What % of parents were the joint first attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson
27%
What did Grossman (2002) say about the role of the farther
They have a playful role, but don’t have an important role in emotional development
What did Tiffany field (1987) say about the role of the father
They have the potential to be the primary caregiver if they provide responsiveness to their baby
What do the behaviourist approach say about attachment
Learning theory-attachment is learnt through food
Social learning theory-attachment is done through imitating models
What does the psychodynamic theory say about attachment
Attachment is formed based on who satisfies their feeding needs
What does the ethnological theory state about attachment
Attachment is formed to enable their own survival
What is Bowlby theory of attachment
Attachment it formed to ensure the survival, and to provide a working model for later life
What did Harlow (1958) conclude from his experiment
An infant money had to be introduced to a mother figure within 90 days for attachment to take place
What did Lorenz (1935) conclude from his experiment
The critical period for imprinting is 12-17 hours after hatching, if not imprinted attachment would never be formed.
Evaluation for Harlow’s study
Theoretical value
Practical value
Evaluation against Harlow’s study
Ethical issues
Low generalisability
Evaluation against Lorenz’s study
Limited generalisability
Imprinting is not permanent
Bowlby’s theory of monotropic
One particular attachment is different and important for a child’s developments
According to Ainsworth what are the four forms of attachment
- Secure
2.insecure-avoidant
3.secure-resistant
4.disorganised
What is ainsworth’s strange situation
A controlled observation designed to test attachment security
Evaluation for ainsworth’s strange situation
Replicability
Evaluation against ainsworth’s strange situation
Unethical
Low ecological validity
Culture
Appropriateness
% of infants that were secure attachment in ainsworth’s study (1970)
66%
% of resistant attachment in ainsworth’s study (1970)
12%
% of infants that are avoidant attachment in Ainsworth’s study (1970)
22%
a culture that has emphasis on group effort and co-operation
collectivists
a culture that has emphasis on personal achievement
individualist
what does Van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) study support the idea of
secure attachment is adaptive
how did Tronick (1992) support Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study
in tribes they still have a primary attachment figure, attachment is innate.
what did Takahashi (1990) find from his study
Japanese children were more likely to cry when the mothers leaves due to Japanese children not being absent from mothers.
what did Grossmann and Grossmann (1991) conclude in their experiment
German culture favours low proximity seeking behaviour and independent infants
how does Grossmann’s and Grossmann’s study critise Ainsworth
the strange situation is not a valid form of measurement, and doesn’t take int account cultures.
criticism of cross-cultural research in attachment
1.samples tend to be unrepresentative
2.method of assessment is biased
3.alternative explanation
how did Kagen critise the strange situation
he found attachment type is more related to temperament than a relationship with a primary care-giver, and it simply measures an infants anxiety.
what is maternal deprivation
emotional and intellectual consequences of separation between a child and their mother is essential.
what are the possible effects of separation
1.intellectual development
2.emotional development
3.physical development
what % of young thieves showed ‘affectionless psychopathy’ in Bowlby’s study
32%
what did Bowlby conclude from his 44 thieves study (1946)
anti-social behaviour and emotional problems was due to maternal deprivation
criticisms of Bowlby’s 44 theives study
-poor validity
-experimenter bias
-didn’t distinguish between deprivation and privatisation
-doesn’t take into account other factors
positives of Bolwby;s 44 thieves
-research support
-supports deprivation leads to affection less psychopathy
what did Rutter (2011) find from his study
negative outcomes from maternal deprivation can be overcome through adequate substitute care before 6 months old
what are the effects of institutionalisation and privation
disinhibited attachment and mental retardation
criticisms of Rutter ‘s study
contradicting support (Bucharest)
lacks generalisability
strengths of Rutter’s study
real life application
increased internal validity
what % of respondents were securely attached in Hazen and Shaver’s study (1987)
56%
what % of people were insecure avoident in Hazen and Shaver’s study
25%
what % of participants were insecure-resistant in hazen and shavers study
19%
what did Hazen and Shaver conclude from their study
the correlation between adults attachment style and childhood parenting is similar
