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my a-level classes year 12 > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

Reciprocity

A

Mother and infant respond to each others signals and elicit a response

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2
Q

International synchrony

A

Mother and infant reflect actions and emotions in a co-ordinated way

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3
Q

First stage of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson 1954

A

Asocial (birth to 6weeks)

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4
Q

Second stage of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson

A

Indiscriminate (2-7months)

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5
Q

Third stage of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson

A

Specific attachment (7+months)

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6
Q

Fourth stage of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson

A

Multiple attachment (7+months)

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7
Q

Evaluation for Schaffer and Emerson’s study

A

Reductionistic
Good external validity
Improved validity-longitudinal design

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8
Q

Evaluation against Schaffer and Emerson’s study

A

Difficult to observe
Not generalisable
Alternative explanation

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9
Q

What % of fathers were the first attachment in Schaffer and Emerson’s study

A

3%

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10
Q

What % of parents were the joint first attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson

A

27%

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11
Q

What did Grossman (2002) say about the role of the farther

A

They have a playful role, but don’t have an important role in emotional development

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12
Q

What did Tiffany field (1987) say about the role of the father

A

They have the potential to be the primary caregiver if they provide responsiveness to their baby

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13
Q

What do the behaviourist approach say about attachment

A

Learning theory-attachment is learnt through food
Social learning theory-attachment is done through imitating models

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14
Q

What does the psychodynamic theory say about attachment

A

Attachment is formed based on who satisfies their feeding needs

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15
Q

What does the ethnological theory state about attachment

A

Attachment is formed to enable their own survival

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16
Q

What is Bowlby theory of attachment

A

Attachment it formed to ensure the survival, and to provide a working model for later life

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17
Q

What did Harlow (1958) conclude from his experiment

A

An infant money had to be introduced to a mother figure within 90 days for attachment to take place

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18
Q

What did Lorenz (1935) conclude from his experiment

A

The critical period for imprinting is 12-17 hours after hatching, if not imprinted attachment would never be formed.

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19
Q

Evaluation for Harlow’s study

A

Theoretical value
Practical value

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20
Q

Evaluation against Harlow’s study

A

Ethical issues
Low generalisability

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21
Q

Evaluation against Lorenz’s study

A

Limited generalisability
Imprinting is not permanent

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22
Q

Bowlby’s theory of monotropic

A

One particular attachment is different and important for a child’s developments

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23
Q

According to Ainsworth what are the four forms of attachment

A
  1. Secure
    2.insecure-avoidant
    3.secure-resistant
    4.disorganised
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24
Q

What is ainsworth’s strange situation

A

A controlled observation designed to test attachment security

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25
Q

Evaluation for ainsworth’s strange situation

A

Replicability

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26
Q

Evaluation against ainsworth’s strange situation

A

Unethical
Low ecological validity
Culture
Appropriateness

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27
Q

% of infants that were secure attachment in ainsworth’s study (1970)

A

66%

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28
Q

% of resistant attachment in ainsworth’s study (1970)

A

12%

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29
Q

% of infants that are avoidant attachment in Ainsworth’s study (1970)

A

22%

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30
Q

a culture that has emphasis on group effort and co-operation

A

collectivists

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31
Q

a culture that has emphasis on personal achievement

A

individualist

32
Q

what does Van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) study support the idea of

A

secure attachment is adaptive

33
Q

how did Tronick (1992) support Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study

A

in tribes they still have a primary attachment figure, attachment is innate.

34
Q

what did Takahashi (1990) find from his study

A

Japanese children were more likely to cry when the mothers leaves due to Japanese children not being absent from mothers.

35
Q

what did Grossmann and Grossmann (1991) conclude in their experiment

A

German culture favours low proximity seeking behaviour and independent infants

36
Q

how does Grossmann’s and Grossmann’s study critise Ainsworth

A

the strange situation is not a valid form of measurement, and doesn’t take int account cultures.

36
Q

criticism of cross-cultural research in attachment

A

1.samples tend to be unrepresentative
2.method of assessment is biased
3.alternative explanation

37
Q

how did Kagen critise the strange situation

A

he found attachment type is more related to temperament than a relationship with a primary care-giver, and it simply measures an infants anxiety.

38
Q

what is maternal deprivation

A

emotional and intellectual consequences of separation between a child and their mother is essential.

39
Q

what are the possible effects of separation

A

1.intellectual development
2.emotional development
3.physical development

39
Q

what % of young thieves showed ‘affectionless psychopathy’ in Bowlby’s study

A

32%

40
Q

what did Bowlby conclude from his 44 thieves study (1946)

A

anti-social behaviour and emotional problems was due to maternal deprivation

41
Q

criticisms of Bowlby’s 44 theives study

A

-poor validity
-experimenter bias
-didn’t distinguish between deprivation and privatisation
-doesn’t take into account other factors

42
Q

positives of Bolwby;s 44 thieves

A

-research support
-supports deprivation leads to affection less psychopathy

43
Q

what did Rutter (2011) find from his study

A

negative outcomes from maternal deprivation can be overcome through adequate substitute care before 6 months old

44
Q

what are the effects of institutionalisation and privation

A

disinhibited attachment and mental retardation

45
Q

criticisms of Rutter ‘s study

A

contradicting support (Bucharest)
lacks generalisability

46
Q

strengths of Rutter’s study

A

real life application
increased internal validity

47
Q

what % of respondents were securely attached in Hazen and Shaver’s study (1987)

A

56%

48
Q

what % of people were insecure avoident in Hazen and Shaver’s study

A

25%

49
Q

what % of participants were insecure-resistant in hazen and shavers study

A

19%

49
Q

what did Hazen and Shaver conclude from their study

A

the correlation between adults attachment style and childhood parenting is similar

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my a-level classes year 12 (17 decks)

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