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my a-level classes year 12 > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different types of phobias

A

specific
social
agraphobia

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2
Q

what is the specific phobia

A

fear of a specific object or situation

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3
Q

what is a social phobia

A

fear of humiliation in public places

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4
Q

what is agoraphobia

A

fear of public spaces

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5
Q

what is a phobia

A

a fear that negatively impacts on a person’s everyday life.

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6
Q

what are behavioural characteristics

A

peoples avoidance behaviours of their phobia

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7
Q

what is a emotional characteristics

A

the intense fear and emotional during a phobia

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8
Q

examples of behavioural characteristics in phobias

A

anxiety
unpleasant feelings
fear

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9
Q

examples of emotional characteristics in phobias

A

panic
crying
avoidance
screaming
freezing

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10
Q

examples of cognitive characteristics in phobias

A

reacting quickly
struggle concentrating

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11
Q

what is cognitive characteristics

A

the realisation the fear is irrational and unable to control their irrational thoughts

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12
Q

what is depression

A

a mood disorder that involves a prolonged disturbance of mood and emotion

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13
Q

examples of behavioural characteristics in depression

A

poor appetite/increased
weight loss/gain
tiredness
loss of energy
slowed down
agitated

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14
Q

examples of emotional characteristics in depression

A

loss on interest
self-reproach
inappropriate guilt

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15
Q

examples of cognitive characteristics in depression

A

inability to concentrate or think clearly
recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

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16
Q

what is OCD

A

`an anxiety-related condition where someone experiences obsessional thoughts and impulsive actions

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17
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of OCD

A

depression
irrational guilt or fear
obsessions and complusions

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18
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

obsessive thoughts
aware of the abnormal behaviour

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19
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

repeating behaviours
avoidance
irrational anxiety

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20
Q

how does classical conditioning explain phobias

A

phobias are learnt through association

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21
Q

example of classical conditioning being used to associate phobias

A

watson and rayner (1920) little albert experiment

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22
Q

how does operant conditioning explain phobias

A

phobias are maintained through consequences of our actions.

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23
Q

what are the limitations of the behaviourist explanation of phobia

A

-alternative explanation to phobias
-limited explanation

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24
Q

what are the research going against the behaviourist explaination

A

-Boulon (2007) evolutionary factors
-Selligman (1971) biological preparedness

25
Q

what are the strengths of the bhaviourist approach explaining phobias

A

good explainatory power (why and how)

26
Q

what are the treamments for phobias

A

systematic deviation
flooding

27
Q

what is the procedure of systematic deviation

A

anixety hierachy
reciprocal inhibition
relaxation techniques
slow exposure

28
Q

weaknesses of using systematic deviation

A

-symptom substitution
-quicker alternative

29
Q

advantages of using systematic deviation

A

-research support by Gilroy (2003)
-appropiatness for patients

30
Q

what is the procedure of flooding

A

inescapable exposure
lasts until fear response dissapears
relaxation techniques

31
Q

weaknesses of using flooding

A

symptom substitution
highly traumatic
less effective for different types of phobias

32
Q

strengths of using flooding

A

cost effective
less time consuming

33
Q

what are the cognitive approach to explaining depression

A

Beck’s Negative triad (1967)
Ellis’ ABC model

34
Q

how does the cognitive triad explain depression

A

holding negative schemas causes depression and are trapped in a cycle

35
Q

what does the negative cognitive triad consist of

A

negative views of:
the world
the self and
the future

36
Q

how does the ABC model explain depression

A

finds out how someone deals with events with depression

37
Q

what does ABC stand for in the model

A

A-activating event
B-belief
C-consequence

38
Q

what are the strengths of the cognitive triad

A

-practical explanations to CBT
-supporting evidence from Grazioli and Terry (2000)

39
Q

what are the weaknesses of the cognitive triad

A

-cause and effect is unclear
-doesnt explain all aspects of depression
-blame is put on patients

40
Q

what are the strengths of the ABC model

A

practical explanation to CBT

41
Q

what are the weaknesses of the ABC model

A

-cause and effect is unclear
-partial explanation of depression
-doesnt explain all aspects of depression
-blame is put on patients

42
Q

what are the cogntive treatments to depression

A

Beck’s CBT
Ellis’ CBT

43
Q

what does Beck’s CBT do

A

challenges the negative thoughts of someone to get the client to test the reality of their beliefs

44
Q

what does Elli’s REBT do

A

both therapist and client challenges the thoughts and to think in an alternate way.

45
Q

what are the similarities between the two depression treatments

A

-both set homework
-behavioural activation
-physical activity

46
Q

what are the weaknesses of using CBT

A

-cannot treat all types of depression
-therapist-patient relationship (patient becomes dependent on therapist)
-overemphasis on cognition

47
Q

what are the strengths of using CBT

A

-its effective
-research support (march 2007)
-not physcially invasive
-clients learn new skills and help themselves
-client is actively involved in recovery

48
Q

what is the biological approach to explaning OCD

A

it is developed from genes and neural explanations

49
Q

what is the genetic explaination of OCD

A

candidate genes
polygenic
aetiologically heterogenous

50
Q

what is the research support for using genes to explain OCD

A

nestadt (2010)
lewis (1936)
taylor (2013)

51
Q

what is the neural explanations for OCD

A

low levels of serotonin can lead to negative decisons and thoughts in the frontal lobes and parahippocampul gyrus

52
Q

what is weakness of using genes to explain OCD

A

-twin studies are inaccurate (not treated the same, similar environment for identical twins only)
-other factors (environment, genes are not a direct cause, caused naturally)

53
Q

weaknesses of using neural explainations of OCD

A

-cause of OCD is not specific (serotonin or depression)
-cant establish cause and effect
-neural mechanisms are still unknown

54
Q

strengths of using neural explaination of OCD

A

-drugs show serotonin is involved in OCD
-technology shows OCD affected decision making
-OCD is a biological basis too

55
Q

what are the different drug treatments to treat OCD in the biological approach

A

SSRI
SNRI
tricyclics

56
Q
A
57
Q
A
58
Q
A

my a-level classes year 12 (17 decks)

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