Psychopathology Flashcards
what are the different types of phobias
specific
social
agraphobia
what is the specific phobia
fear of a specific object or situation
what is a social phobia
fear of humiliation in public places
what is agoraphobia
fear of public spaces
what is a phobia
a fear that negatively impacts on a person’s everyday life.
what are behavioural characteristics
peoples avoidance behaviours of their phobia
what is a emotional characteristics
the intense fear and emotional during a phobia
examples of behavioural characteristics in phobias
anxiety
unpleasant feelings
fear
examples of emotional characteristics in phobias
panic
crying
avoidance
screaming
freezing
examples of cognitive characteristics in phobias
reacting quickly
struggle concentrating
what is cognitive characteristics
the realisation the fear is irrational and unable to control their irrational thoughts
what is depression
a mood disorder that involves a prolonged disturbance of mood and emotion
examples of behavioural characteristics in depression
poor appetite/increased
weight loss/gain
tiredness
loss of energy
slowed down
agitated
examples of emotional characteristics in depression
loss on interest
self-reproach
inappropriate guilt
examples of cognitive characteristics in depression
inability to concentrate or think clearly
recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
what is OCD
`an anxiety-related condition where someone experiences obsessional thoughts and impulsive actions
what are the emotional characteristics of OCD
depression
irrational guilt or fear
obsessions and complusions
what are the cognitive characteristics of OCD
obsessive thoughts
aware of the abnormal behaviour
what are the behavioural characteristics of OCD
repeating behaviours
avoidance
irrational anxiety
how does classical conditioning explain phobias
phobias are learnt through association
example of classical conditioning being used to associate phobias
watson and rayner (1920) little albert experiment
how does operant conditioning explain phobias
phobias are maintained through consequences of our actions.
what are the limitations of the behaviourist explanation of phobia
-alternative explanation to phobias
-limited explanation
what are the research going against the behaviourist explaination
-Boulon (2007) evolutionary factors
-Selligman (1971) biological preparedness
what are the strengths of the bhaviourist approach explaining phobias
good explainatory power (why and how)
what are the treamments for phobias
systematic deviation
flooding
what is the procedure of systematic deviation
anixety hierachy
reciprocal inhibition
relaxation techniques
slow exposure
weaknesses of using systematic deviation
-symptom substitution
-quicker alternative
advantages of using systematic deviation
-research support by Gilroy (2003)
-appropiatness for patients
what is the procedure of flooding
inescapable exposure
lasts until fear response dissapears
relaxation techniques
weaknesses of using flooding
symptom substitution
highly traumatic
less effective for different types of phobias
strengths of using flooding
cost effective
less time consuming
what are the cognitive approach to explaining depression
Beck’s Negative triad (1967)
Ellis’ ABC model
how does the cognitive triad explain depression
holding negative schemas causes depression and are trapped in a cycle
what does the negative cognitive triad consist of
negative views of:
the world
the self and
the future
how does the ABC model explain depression
finds out how someone deals with events with depression
what does ABC stand for in the model
A-activating event
B-belief
C-consequence
what are the strengths of the cognitive triad
-practical explanations to CBT
-supporting evidence from Grazioli and Terry (2000)
what are the weaknesses of the cognitive triad
-cause and effect is unclear
-doesnt explain all aspects of depression
-blame is put on patients
what are the strengths of the ABC model
practical explanation to CBT
what are the weaknesses of the ABC model
-cause and effect is unclear
-partial explanation of depression
-doesnt explain all aspects of depression
-blame is put on patients
what are the cogntive treatments to depression
Beck’s CBT
Ellis’ CBT
what does Beck’s CBT do
challenges the negative thoughts of someone to get the client to test the reality of their beliefs
what does Elli’s REBT do
both therapist and client challenges the thoughts and to think in an alternate way.
what are the similarities between the two depression treatments
-both set homework
-behavioural activation
-physical activity
what are the weaknesses of using CBT
-cannot treat all types of depression
-therapist-patient relationship (patient becomes dependent on therapist)
-overemphasis on cognition
what are the strengths of using CBT
-its effective
-research support (march 2007)
-not physcially invasive
-clients learn new skills and help themselves
-client is actively involved in recovery
what is the biological approach to explaning OCD
it is developed from genes and neural explanations
what is the genetic explaination of OCD
candidate genes
polygenic
aetiologically heterogenous
what is the research support for using genes to explain OCD
nestadt (2010)
lewis (1936)
taylor (2013)
what is the neural explanations for OCD
low levels of serotonin can lead to negative decisons and thoughts in the frontal lobes and parahippocampul gyrus
what is weakness of using genes to explain OCD
-twin studies are inaccurate (not treated the same, similar environment for identical twins only)
-other factors (environment, genes are not a direct cause, caused naturally)
weaknesses of using neural explainations of OCD
-cause of OCD is not specific (serotonin or depression)
-cant establish cause and effect
-neural mechanisms are still unknown
strengths of using neural explaination of OCD
-drugs show serotonin is involved in OCD
-technology shows OCD affected decision making
-OCD is a biological basis too
what are the different drug treatments to treat OCD in the biological approach
SSRI
SNRI
tricyclics
