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Social influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is conformity?

A

Yielding to group pressures, is a form of majority influence.

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2
Q

What are the three types of conformity?

A

Internalisation, Identification and Compliance

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3
Q

What is internalisation?

A

Publicly changing behaviours to fit in with the group, changed views and behaviours.
Most powerful

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4
Q

What is identification?

A

Conforming to expectations of a social role, private views don’t change

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5
Q

What is compliance?

A

Publicly changing behaviour to fit in with a group, private veiws disagree with the behaviours

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6
Q

What are the two explanations of conformity?

A

Normative social influence (NSI) and Informational social influence (ISI)

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7
Q

What is NSI?

A

Conformity to be accepted by the group, even though they publicly conform they still privately disagree and keep their old attitudes

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8
Q

Is NSI permanent or temporary?

A

Temporary

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9
Q

What is ISI?

A

Based on our need to be right, when we don’t know what to do we look to others and conform to them, publicly conform and privately agree.

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10
Q

Is ISI permanent or temporary?

A

Permanent

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11
Q

Strengths of NSI/ISI

A

-Empirical evidence, Linkenbach and Perkins (smoking study)
-Empirical evidence, Lucas et al (maths problems)

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12
Q

What does Ash’s line study investigate?

A

The extent to which social pressure from a majority influence could affect conformity

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13
Q

What results did Ash’s study show?

A

75% (of the 50 male ppts) conformed at least once

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14
Q

What is Ash’s study?

A

A line judgement task in which ppts had to identify which line was most like the target line in length.

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15
Q

Studies supporting NSI + Why

A

Linkenbach and Perkins anti-smoking campaign with a message that teenagers their age don’t smoke. Reduced levels of teenagers started smoking.

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16
Q

Studies supporting ISI and why

A

Lucas et al- maths problems to investigate if students would change their answers to maths problems based upon how those surrounding them answered.

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17
Q

How were confederates used in Ash’s study ?

A

One naive participant in a group of 6/8 confederates to try and trick the ppts

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18
Q

What is the aim of Stanford prison experiment ?

A

To investigate how readily people would comform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role play exercise.

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19
Q

Procedure of Stanford prison experiment

A

-Labarotory in Stanford University
-75 applicants, 24 ppts each paid $15 a day

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20
Q

What were the key findings of Stanford Prisoner experiment ?

A

-Prisoners rebelled quickly and refused to follow rules
-Became subdued, depressed and anxious and one even went on hunger strike
-Study ended early after 6 days

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21
Q

What processes explain the behaviours showed in Stanford Prison experiment?

A

-Deindividuation
-Learned helplessness

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22
Q

What is Deindividuation?

A

A stable state when you become so immersed in the norms of the group that you lose your sense of identity and personal responsibility. This could explain the guards behaviours.

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23
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Belief that whatever you do has little effect on what happens. Could explain the prisoners submission to the guards.

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24
Q

Criticism of Stanford prison experiment

A

-Unethical
-Argued that ppts were playing along, demand characteristics
-Fromm accused Zimbardo of exaggerating due to his dual role
-Lacks realism
-Opposing results were found in other studies

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25
Q

Strengths of Stanford prison experiment

A

-Partially replicated study by the BBC

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26
Q

What did Milgram study?

A

Obedience

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27
Q

What was the aim of Milgrams study?

A

To investigate how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming others

28
Q

Methods of Milgrams study

A

-Voluntary
-Men aged 20-50
-Paid $4 an hour

29
Q

Results of Milgrams study

A

2/3 participants went to the full level of shock because they were being told to by a legitimate authority figure

30
Q

How many other variations of Milgrams study are there?

A

6 variations

31
Q

What were the 4 prods used in Milgrams study of obedience?

A

1-Please continue
2-The experiment requires you to continue
3-It is absolutely essential that you continue
4-You have no other choice but to continue

32
Q

What is Legitimate authority ?

A

Real power

33
Q

What are the two explanations for Obedience?

A

Agentic state and Autonomous state

34
Q

What is the Agentic state?

A

Where we see ourselves as agents of others and are not responsible for our own actions.

35
Q

What is the Autonomous state ?

A

Where we behave voluntarily and are aware of what will happen as a result of our actions, we feel responsible for our actions.

36
Q

What does Milgram argue about the agentic and autonomous state ?

A

That people operate on both levels to a degree

37
Q

What is Agentic shift?

A

The move from an autonomous state to an agentic state, there is normally moral strain during this process.

38
Q

Strengths of Milgrams explanation of Obedience

A

-Empirical evidence from Blass and Schmitt supporting the theory of agentic state.
-Supported by the idea of the hierarchical structure

39
Q

Limitations of Milgrams explanation of Obedience

A

-Cannot explain all situations of obedience and is therefore an incomplete explanation
-There are methodological issues with the research on which the theory is based
-Demand characteristics

40
Q

What is legitimate authority ?

A

Suggestion that we are more likely to obey a person who has a higher position in a social society.

41
Q

What is Locus of control ?

A

The internal and external locus of control identify the differences in following authority

42
Q

Factors of internal locus of control

A

-More likely to resist authority
-“I can control my own destiny”
-Make things happen
-Can make someone like you

43
Q

Factors of external locus of control

A

-Less likley to resist authority
-“Others control my destiny”
-Wait for things to happen

44
Q

Limitations of Asch’s line study

A

-Uses artificial tasks in its methodology, lacks mundane realism
-Problems with determining the effect of group size, Bond (2005)

45
Q

Strengths of the locus of control analogy

A

-Empirical evidence to support conformity
-Empirical evidence supporting defying orders

46
Q

Limitations of the locus of control analogy

A

-Contradicting results
-Difficult to put into a category
-Questions are yes/no answers only

47
Q

What is minority influence ?

A

When the minority slowly has an influence and becomes the majority

48
Q

How does a minority create social change ?

A

-Commitment
-Consistency
-Flexibility

49
Q

How many social change processes are there ?

A

6

50
Q

What are the social change processes ?

A

-Attention seeking
-Consistency
-Augmentation principle
-Deeper processing of message
-Snowball effect
-Social crypto amnesia

51
Q

What is attention seeking in social change processes ?

A

Getting media attention
e.g. marches, sit ins, blocking roads etc.

52
Q

What is consistency in social change processes ?

A

Continuing over time and keeping the same people involved

53
Q

What is augmentation principle in social change processes ?

A

Taking a greater risk so a bigger impact is had

54
Q

What is deeper processing of the message in social change processes ?

A

Conflicting ideas to gain attention, not agreeing with the ‘norm’

55
Q

What is snowball effect in social change processes ?

A

Gradually drawing others in by making them feel like they are in the minority

56
Q

What is social crypto amnesia in social change processes ?

A

Recalling the change that happened but not how it happened

57
Q

Strengths of social change processes

A

-Empirical evidence, Moscovici

58
Q

What is attention seeking in social change processes ?

A

Getting media attention
e.g. marches, sit ins, blocking roads etc.

58
Q

What is social crypto amnesia in social change processes ?

A

Recalling the change that happened but not how it happened

58
Q

What is consistency in social change processes ?

A

Continuing over time and keeping the same people involved

58
Q

Limitations of social change processes

A

-Suggests that of minority group is what leads to the snowball effect

58
Q

Strengths of social change processes

A

-Empirical evidence, Moscovici

58
Q

How does a minority create social change ?

A

-Commitment
-Consistency
-Flexibility

59
Q

What is authoritarian personality?

A

Someone who follows authoritative figures, those of high status

60
Q

What is the F-Scale

A

Adornos F-scale measures fascist tendencies which is thought to be the core of authoritarian personality.

Psychology (12 decks)

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