Memory

Question 1

What is Capacity?

Answer 1

The amount of information able to be stored.

Question 2

What is Duration?

Answer 2

How long a memory trace can last.

Question 3

What is Coding?

Answer 3

How a memory has been input, sounds and images etc

Question 4

What is STM?

Answer 4

Short term memory- information we are currently aware of mad up of sensory memories.

Question 5

What is the capacity and duration of STM?

Answer 5

Limited capacity of 5-9 items
18 seconds

Question 6

What is LTM?

Answer 6

Long term memory- continual storage of information which is outside of our awareness, is only used when needed.

Question 7

What is the capacity of LTM?

Answer 7

Unlimited (potentially)

Question 8

What is SM?

Answer 8

Sensory memory- the initial short term memory of contact with stimuli

Question 9

Who developed the digit span ?

Answer 9

Jacobs (1887)

Question 10

Strengths of CCD

Answer 10

• supportive evidence
  -Peterson and Peterson
  -Bahrick et al

Question 11

Weaknesses of CCD

Answer 11

-lacks ecological validity, lab experiment, mundane realism
-doesn’t account for individual differences
-unspecified variables, alters validity

Question 12

The MSM

Answer 12

Multi-store model
Sensory store>STM>LTM
transfer via maintenance rehearsal

Question 13

What stores make up the sensory store?

Answer 13

Iconic
Haptic
Echoic

Question 14

Who developed the MSM

Answer 14

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

Question 15

Strengths of MSM

Answer 15

-supportive evidence, HM hippocampus removal
-evidence from brain scanning

Question 16

Weaknesses of MSM

Answer 16

-too simplistic, claims to be a unitary store
-alternative explanations oppose the findings
-linear and sequential

Question 17

The WMM

Answer 17

Working memory model

Question 18

What is the WMM made up of?

Answer 18

• Central executive
  -Visuospatial sketchpad
  -Episodic buffer
  -Phonological loop
  -LTM

Question 19

What is the phonological loop?

Answer 19

Deals with auditory information and stores it acoustically.

Question 20

What is the phonological loop divided into?

Answer 20

-Phonological loop
-Articulatory process

Question 21

What is the visuospatial sketch pad?

Answer 21

The ‘inner eye’
Visual cache+ Inner scribe

Question 22

Strengths of WMM

Answer 22

-Supported by clinical evidence, KF
-Supportive empirical evidence, lab experiment

Question 23

Weaknesses of WMM

Answer 23

-The central executive component is too vague
-Only explains STM, no information about transfer to LTM

Question 24

Types of LTM

Answer 24

-Episodic
-Procedural
-Semantic

Question 25

What is Episodic memory?

Answer 25

Knowledge of personal events. Declarative.

Question 26

What is Semantic memory?

Answer 26

General knowledge e.g. facts Responsible for info about he world including the meaning of words. Explicit, Declarative.

Question 27

What is Procedural memory?

Answer 27

Knowlege of how to do things, for example motor skills. Implicit, Non-declarative.

Question 28

Strengths of LTM types

Answer 28

-Real life application, Belleville et al -Brain scans supporting the three distinguished stores

Question 29

Weaknesses of LTM types

Answer 29

-Contrasting clinical evidence, lack of control over variables -Hard to distinguish if there are two or three stores

Question 30

What are the two types of interference?

Answer 30

Proactive Retroactive

Question 31

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 31

When a newer memory interferes with older memories. e.g. Learning so many new names you have trouble remembering old names.

Question 32

What is proactive interference?

Answer 32

When an older memory interferes with newer memories. e.g. Learning so many names in the past you have trouble learning new ones.

Question 33

Who produced supportive research for interference?

Answer 33

-McGeoch and McDonald -Baddeley and Hitch

Question 34

Strengths of interference

Answer 34

-Evidence from lab studies -Evidence from field studies

Question 35

Weaknesses of interference

Answer 35

-Lacks ecological validity -Doesn't account for individual differences

Question 36

What is retrieval failure?

Answer 36

A lack of accessibility rather than availability of information.

Question 37

What did Tulving and Thompson propose?

Answer 37

The encoding specificity principle.

Question 38

What does the encoding specificity principle argue?

Answer 38

That memory is most effective when information that was present at the time of encoding is also present at the time of retrieval.

Question 39

What are the two types of dependent forgetting?

Answer 39

Context and state

Question 40

Godden and Baddeley study into context dependent forgetting

Answer 40

Investigated the effect upon scuba divers recall of a word list based on where the list was learnt then recalled.

Question 41

Carter and Cassaday study into state dependent forgetting

Answer 41

Investigated the effect of antihistamines upon the recall of a word list based on if drugs were taken when learnt/recalled.

Question 42

Strengths of retrieval failure

Answer 42

-Evidenced via significant studies

Question 43

Weaknesses of retrieval failure

Answer 43

-Problems with accurately measuring encoding -Vast changes are needed to actually interfere with retrieval (context dependent)

Question 44

Examples of misleading information

Answer 44

-Post event discussion -Leading questions

Question 45

Loftus and Palmer- misleading information

Answer 45

Used 145 American students and investigated the impact of speed estimates based on the verb used.

Question 46

Strengths of misleading information

Answer 46

-Useful and credible real-life application

Question 47

Weaknesses of misleading information

Answer 47

-Demand characteristics -Lacks ecological validity -False memories

Question 48

Impact of Anxiety on EWT

Answer 48

The inverted U theory suggests anxiety can have both a positive and negative effect upon EWT

Question 49

Who developed the inverted U theory?

Answer 49

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 50

Supportive studies based upon anxieties affect on EWT

Answer 50

Johson and Scott, waiting room study Pickel, hairdressers study

Question 51

Weaknesses of anxiety upon EWT

Answer 51

-Individual differences -Too simple -Only qualitative data -Lacks validity -Ethical issues

Question 52

What are the components of the Cognitive interview

Answer 52

-Report everything -Mental reinstatement -Change order -Change perspective

Question 53

Supporting studies of the CI

Answer 53

-Kohnken et al, meta-analysis -Milne and Bull, effectiveness of each component

Question 54

Weaknesses of the CI

Answer 54

-Very time consuming -Expensive -Some parts lack value and credibility

Question 55

Who discovered the capacity?

Answer 55

Miller (5-9 items)

Question 56

How is the enhanced cognitive interview different to the cognitive interview ?

Answer 56

Includes: Greet and personalise Focused retrieval Pauses Open and closed questions Compatible questioning