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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Capacity?

A

The amount of information able to be stored.

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2
Q

What is Duration?

A

How long a memory trace can last.

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3
Q

What is Coding?

A

How a memory has been input, sounds and images etc

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4
Q

What is STM?

A

Short term memory- information we are currently aware of mad up of sensory memories.

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5
Q

What is the capacity and duration of STM?

A

Limited capacity of 5-9 items
18 seconds

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6
Q

What is LTM?

A

Long term memory- continual storage of information which is outside of our awareness, is only used when needed.

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7
Q

What is the capacity of LTM?

A

Unlimited (potentially)

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8
Q

What is SM?

A

Sensory memory- the initial short term memory of contact with stimuli

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9
Q

Who developed the digit span ?

A

Jacobs (1887)

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10
Q

Strengths of CCD

A
  • supportive evidence
    -Peterson and Peterson
    -Bahrick et al
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11
Q

Weaknesses of CCD

A

-lacks ecological validity, lab experiment, mundane realism
-doesn’t account for individual differences
-unspecified variables, alters validity

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12
Q

The MSM

A

Multi-store model
Sensory store>STM>LTM
transfer via maintenance rehearsal

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13
Q

What stores make up the sensory store?

A

Iconic
Haptic
Echoic

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14
Q

Who developed the MSM

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

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15
Q

Strengths of MSM

A

-supportive evidence, HM hippocampus removal
-evidence from brain scanning

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16
Q

Weaknesses of MSM

A

-too simplistic, claims to be a unitary store
-alternative explanations oppose the findings
-linear and sequential

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17
Q

The WMM

A

Working memory model

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18
Q

What is the WMM made up of?

A
  • Central executive
    -Visuospatial sketchpad
    -Episodic buffer
    -Phonological loop
    -LTM
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19
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

Deals with auditory information and stores it acoustically.

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20
Q

What is the phonological loop divided into?

A

-Phonological loop
-Articulatory process

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21
Q

What is the visuospatial sketch pad?

A

The ‘inner eye’
Visual cache+ Inner scribe

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22
Q

Strengths of WMM

A

-Supported by clinical evidence, KF
-Supportive empirical evidence, lab experiment

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23
Q

Weaknesses of WMM

A

-The central executive component is too vague
-Only explains STM, no information about transfer to LTM

24
Q

Types of LTM

A

-Episodic
-Procedural
-Semantic

25
Q

What is Episodic memory?

A

Knowledge of personal events.
Declarative.

26
Q

What is Semantic memory?

A

General knowledge e.g. facts
Responsible for info about he world including the meaning of words.
Explicit, Declarative.

27
Q

What is Procedural memory?

A

Knowlege of how to do things, for example motor skills.
Implicit, Non-declarative.

28
Q

Strengths of LTM types

A

-Real life application, Belleville et al
-Brain scans supporting the three distinguished stores

29
Q

Weaknesses of LTM types

A

-Contrasting clinical evidence, lack of control over variables
-Hard to distinguish if there are two or three stores

30
Q

What are the two types of interference?

A

Proactive
Retroactive

31
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

When a newer memory interferes with older memories.
e.g. Learning so many new names you have trouble remembering old names.

32
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

When an older memory interferes with newer memories.
e.g. Learning so many names in the past you have trouble learning new ones.

33
Q

Who produced supportive research for interference?

A

-McGeoch and McDonald
-Baddeley and Hitch

34
Q

Strengths of interference

A

-Evidence from lab studies
-Evidence from field studies

35
Q

Weaknesses of interference

A

-Lacks ecological validity
-Doesn’t account for individual differences

36
Q

What is retrieval failure?

A

A lack of accessibility rather than availability of information.

37
Q

What did Tulving and Thompson propose?

A

The encoding specificity principle.

38
Q

What does the encoding specificity principle argue?

A

That memory is most effective when information that was present at the time of encoding is also present at the time of retrieval.

39
Q

What are the two types of dependent forgetting?

A

Context and state

40
Q

Godden and Baddeley study into context dependent forgetting

A

Investigated the effect upon scuba divers recall of a word list based on where the list was learnt then recalled.

41
Q

Carter and Cassaday study into state dependent forgetting

A

Investigated the effect of antihistamines upon the recall of a word list based on if drugs were taken when learnt/recalled.

42
Q

Strengths of retrieval failure

A

-Evidenced via significant studies

43
Q

Weaknesses of retrieval failure

A

-Problems with accurately measuring encoding
-Vast changes are needed to actually interfere with retrieval (context dependent)

44
Q

Examples of misleading information

A

-Post event discussion
-Leading questions

45
Q

Loftus and Palmer- misleading information

A

Used 145 American students and investigated the impact of speed estimates based on the verb used.

46
Q

Strengths of misleading information

A

-Useful and credible real-life application

47
Q

Weaknesses of misleading information

A

-Demand characteristics
-Lacks ecological validity
-False memories

48
Q

Impact of Anxiety on EWT

A

The inverted U theory suggests anxiety can have both a positive and negative effect upon EWT

49
Q

Who developed the inverted U theory?

A

Yerkes-Dodson law

50
Q

Supportive studies based upon anxieties affect on EWT

A

Johson and Scott, waiting room study
Pickel, hairdressers study

51
Q

Weaknesses of anxiety upon EWT

A

-Individual differences
-Too simple
-Only qualitative data
-Lacks validity
-Ethical issues

52
Q

What are the components of the Cognitive interview

A

-Report everything
-Mental reinstatement
-Change order
-Change perspective

53
Q

Supporting studies of the CI

A

-Kohnken et al, meta-analysis
-Milne and Bull, effectiveness of each component

54
Q

Weaknesses of the CI

A

-Very time consuming
-Expensive
-Some parts lack value and credibility

55
Q

Who discovered the capacity?

A

Miller (5-9 items)

56
Q

How is the enhanced cognitive interview different to the cognitive interview ?

A

Includes:
Greet and personalise
Focused retrieval
Pauses
Open and closed questions
Compatible questioning

Psychology (12 decks)

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