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Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attachment?

A

A deep enduring emotional bond

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2
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

Caregiver infant interaction, two way

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3
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

Interacting and mirroring of facial expressions and movements.

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4
Q

Meltzoff and Moore study

A

Imitated gestures and expressions by babies and caregivers. Proves/ supports interactional synchrony.

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5
Q

Strengths of Caregiver-infant interactions explanation

A

-Research evidence (Meltzoff and Moore)

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6
Q

Weaknesses of Caregiver-infant interactions explanation

A

-Ethical concerns, may restrict relationships
-Contrasting evidence
-Individual differences, different levels of IS and attachment

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7
Q

What are the stages of attachment?

A

Asocial, Indiscriminate, Specific, Multiple attachments

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8
Q

When does the asocial stage occur?

A

Up to 6 weeks after birth

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9
Q

What is the asocial stage?

A

No discrimination between humans as long as they are being held/ have attention

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10
Q

When does the Indiscriminate stage occur?

A

From 6 weeks to 6 months

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11
Q

What is the Indiscriminate stage?

A

The ability to tell people apart, stronger bonds for with familiar adults, no fear of strangers

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12
Q

When does the specific stage occur?

A

Around 7 months old

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13
Q

What is the specific stage ?

A

Strong displays of separation anxiety, distress in the company of strangers

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14
Q

When do multiple attachments occur ?

A

From around 10/11 months old

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15
Q

What are multiple attachments?

A

Enjoyment of human company, increased intrest in primary carers and grandparents.
Increased intrest in developing bonds.

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16
Q

Who developed research on the stages of attachment?

A

Schaffer and Emerson

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17
Q

What was Shaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

Longitudinal study following 60 babies visited once a month in their own home and observed on three measures: stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and social referencing.

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18
Q

Strengths of stages of attachment

A

-Practical applications, useful for parents and nurseries
-Social desirability bias

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19
Q

Weaknesses of stages of attachment

A

-Lacks population validity, sample was only 60 in working class in Glasgow
-Poor evidence for the asocial stage, poor coordination

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20
Q

What is reciprocity ?

A

Two way/ mutual relationship where each party responds to the others signals to sustain interaction. Normally between a caregiver and infant

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21
Q

Interactions involve reciprocity studies

A

-Research in the 1970s demonstrated that infants coordinated their actions with caregivers which can be described as ‘non verbal conversation’
-Brazelton

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22
Q

What is interactional synchrony ?

A

Interacting and mirroring of facial expressions and movements

23
Q

What was Harlows monkey study investigating?

A

The bond between newborn rheus monkeys and their mothers

24
Q

What were the procedures for Harlows monkey study ?

A

-16 baby Rheus monkeys
-Wire mesh or cloth monkey mothers in which the infant monkeys had a choice which mither to go to
-Researchers measured the amount of time infants spent with each mother

25
Q

What were the findings from Harlows monkeys study ?

A

-More time was spent cuddling with the cloth mother than with the wire mother that provided food, this shows that the bond is not purely psychological.
-Emotional attachment to cloth mother

26
Q

What conclusions can be drawn from Harlows monkey study?

A

-Concluded that the critical period for attachment was 90 days, after 90 days the damage from maternal deprevation has occurred and attachment is no longer possible.
-Suggested that Rheus monkeys have an inate, unlearned need for contact and comfort suggesting attachment concerns emotional security over food.

27
Q

What is Bowlbys monotropic theory of attachment?

A

Considers the importance of children’s relationship with their mother in terms of social, emotional and cognitive development.

28
Q

What are the 6 elements of Bowlbys theory of monotropy ?

A

-Inate
-Social releaser
-Sensitive
-Monotropy
-Internal working model
-Continuity

29
Q

What is Mary Ainsworths study called?

A

The strange situation study

30
Q

What is the aim of the strange situation study?

A

To investigate and determine the nature of attachment

31
Q

How many conditions are in Ainsworths study ?

A

7

32
Q

How long were mother and baby observed for in each condition (Ainsworths study)

A

3 minutes per condition

33
Q

What are the 7 conditions observed in Ainsworths study?

A

-mother and baby alone
-a stranger joins the mother and infant
-mother leaves the baby and stranger alone
-mother returns, stranger leaves
-mother leaves, infant is alone
-stranger returns
-mother returns, stranger leaves

34
Q

What four behaviours were recorded in Ainsworths study ?

A

-proximity and contact seeking
-contact maintenance
-avoidance of proximity and contact
-resistance to comfort and comforting

35
Q

How were behaviours recorded in Ainsworths strange situation?

A

Tick lists were used every 15 seconds to record behaviours and their intensity

36
Q

What hypothesis was made by Ainsworth and what does it mean

A

The caregiver sensitivity hypothesis, attachment style is dependent upon the behaviour that the mother shows towards them

37
Q

What are the three caregiver sensitivity styles ?

A

Sensitive, less sensitive and unresponsive primary care.

38
Q

Describe sensitive attachment (caregiver sensitivity hypothesis)

A

-More likely to have securely attached children
-Positive working model of themselves
-See others as helpful
-See themselves as worthy of respect

39
Q

Describes less sensitive attachment (caregiver sensitivity hypothesis)

A

-More likley to have insecurley attached children
-Impatient/ignoring
-Exaggerated responses
-Negative self image

40
Q

Describe unresponsive primary care (caregiver sensitivity hypothesis)

A

-Likley to be insecure-avoidant
-Unworthy and unacceptable
-Caused by rejection from primary caregiver

41
Q

Biological factors explaining the role of the father

A

-Lack of oestrogen
-Less sensitive to infant cues than mothers

42
Q

Social factors explaining the role of the father

A

-Sex stereotypes
-Mothers nurture, fathers play
-Shared roles of primary caregiver

43
Q

What’s the role of the father?

A

-Schaffer and Emmerson showed that father’s are less likely to be attachment figures
-65% of children’s first specific attachment was the mother

44
Q

What are the four main factors affecting the relationship between fathers and children?

A

-Degree of sensitivity
-Type of attachment with own parents
-Marital intimacy
-Supporting co-parenting

45
Q

What is the Romanian orphan study ?

A

-Political events in Romania in 1990s allowed psychologists to study institutionalisation.
-Under dictatorship abortion and contraception was banned, at the end of this period more than 10,000 children were supported in orphanages.

46
Q

Who carried out the Romanian orphan study?

A

Rutter et al

47
Q

What was the aim of the Romanian orphan study (Rutter et al)

A

To examine the long term effects of institutionalisation in a longitudinal study, beginning in the 1990s called the ERA

48
Q

What was the method in the Romanian orphan study (Rutter et al)

A

165 Romanian orphans compared to a group of 52 British children adopted at the same time.

49
Q

How were the children in the Romanian orphan study assessed?

A

In terms of their physical, emotional and social development at ages 4,6,11 and 15 years old.

50
Q

What were the findings of the Romanian orphan study ?

A

-Children adopted later in life tend to have lower IQ.
-Those adopted within 6 months showed disinhibited attachment, those adopted after 6 months didn’t shown this

51
Q

Conclusion of the Romanian orphan study

A

Institutionalisation can have severe long term effects on development especially if adequate emotional caregiving isn’t provided.

52
Q

What is a collectivist culture?

A

Prioritises the group as a whole
e.g. China and India

53
Q

What is an individualistic culture ?

A

Prioritises the individual development/self development.
e.g. UK and USA

Psychology (12 decks)

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