Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who was the founding father of Psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Whilhelm Wandt do ?

A

-Opened the first Psychology lab (1879)
-Produced the first book on psychology (1873)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where was the first psychology lab

A

Leipzig, Germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was the first Psycology book called

A

Principles of physiological psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How did psychology emerge as as a science

A

Used objective methods, standardised instructions and the same stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an example of Wundts stimuli

A

The ticking metronome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is introspection?

A

When participants or individuals reflect on their cognitive processes and describe them.
-In Wundts study ppts were trained how to introspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is structuralism

A

Identifies consciousness by breaking down behaviours into their basic elements of thoughts, images and sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Weaknesses of Wundt

A

-subjective, naive methods, Lacks scientific rigour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Strength’s of Wundt

A

-attempted to be a scientific procedure
-research significantly shaped the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the behaviourist approach

A

A way to explain behaviour in terms of what’s observable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

learning by association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

learning by reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is reinforcement

A

a consequence of behaviour that increases the liklihood of that behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the assumptions of behaviourism

A

-Observable events
-Scientific
-Blank slate
-Value of animal research
-Behaviour S-R response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Observable events (assumptions of behaviourism)

A

primary concern with observable and measurable events opposed to internal events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Scientific (assumptions of behaviourism)

A

psychology is a science so behaviour must be measured in controlled environments to establish cause/effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Blank slate- tabula rasa (assumptions of behaviourism)

A

suggests we are all born a blank slate and learn everything from the environment via classical or operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Value of animal research (assumptions of behaviourism)

A

assumption there is little difference between learning and in animals vs humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Value of animal research (assumptions of behaviourism)

A

assumption there is little difference between learning and in animals vs humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Behaviour S-R response (assumptions of behaviourism)

A

assumption that all behaviour can be reduced to simple stimulus-response association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Key researcher for Classical conditioning

A

Ian Pavlov (1849-1939)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Key researcher for operant conditioning

A

Skinner (1953)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

when an animal/ human avoids something unpleasant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is punishment

A

To stop a behaviour (the unpleasant consequence of a behaviour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Skinners research

A

-learning through positive reinforcement
-rats learnt that pressing the lever gave them food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is environmental determinism

A

The belief that behaviour is controlled by a simple stimulus response association eg. classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Strengths of the behaviourist approach

A

-scientific credibility, good contribution, valid and reliable
-real world application, demonstrates application

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Weaknesses of the behaviourist approach

A

-too reductionist, limited veiw ignoring cognitions etc
-issues with animal extrapolation, assumes animals and humans brains are the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Who proposed the social learning theory ?

A

Bandura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What was Bandura’s approach?

A

He proposed the social learning theory as a development of the behaviourist approach but also included cognitive theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the assumptions of the social learning theory ?

A

Learning through others, importance of environmental and cognitive factors, role models, vicarious reinforcement and mediational process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is learning through others

A

observation, modelling, imitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Importance of environmental and cognitive factors

A

-considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact
-forms a bridge between behaviourism and cognitive approaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Role models

A

-learning through observation of role models, more likely to imitate a role model if they identify with them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

-learning through observation of consequences of actions for others
-normally with role models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Mediational process

A

ARMM (attention, retention, motor production, motivation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Who did the bobo doll experiment

A

Bandura and Ross (1961)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the bobo doll study

A

A study to investigate whether aggression can be learned. There were three groups, the aggressive model, the non aggressive model and the control group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Strengths of the social learning theory

A

-empirical evidence, Fox and Bailenson (imitate similar role models), Ruston and Campbell (same sex modelling, blood donation)

-more holistic, takes into account behaviourism and cognitions, comprehensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Limitations of the social learning theory

A

-ignores biological factors, may be linked to testosterone or serotonin levels

-methodological issues, demand characteristics, low internal validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How did the cognitive approach develop ?

A

A reaction against the behaviorist stimulus-response approach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Examples of cognitions

A

Memory, perception and decision making.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Importance of inferences

A

Mental processes cannot be observed, all studies are based on inference.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Computer analogy

A

Mind functions like a computer.
input-process-output

47
Q

Theoretical models

A

Used to study internal processes
WMM + MSM

48
Q

Role of schemas

A

A mental framework for incoming information received by the cognitive system.

49
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Use of PET and fMRI scans to determine activity in different cognitive activities.

50
Q

Strengths of the cognitive approach

A

Real life application-CBT
High control-lab experiment

51
Q

Limitations of the cognitive approach

A

Machine reductionist- ignores emotion and motivation.
Less deterministic- believe free will is an illusion .

52
Q

What is the biological approach ?

A

Suggest everything psychological can be explained by biology.

53
Q

What are genes ?

A

Genetic information carried by DNA in chromosomes, found in the nucleus.

54
Q

Can you inherit behaviors ?

A

No, you can only inherit a predisposition to certain behaviors.

55
Q

How do we study the genetic basis ?

A

Twin studies.
MZ and DZ twins
Concordance rates.

56
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Fessler (2006) found that women scored higher in disgust sensitivity during their first trimester of pregnancy.

57
Q

Genotype

A

The actual genetic makeup (Bb,BB,bb)

58
Q

Phenotype

A

The way genes are expressed through observable characteristics.
Genes + Environment

59
Q

What is the neurochemical basis of behavior ?

A

How levels of neurotransmitters may impact behaviours.
e.g. low serotonin and high dopamine

60
Q

What is the neuroanatomical basis of behavior ?

A

How different parts of the brain are responsible for functions.

61
Q

Example of neuroanatomical basis of behavior

A

Chance et al (2001) found correlation between enlarged ventricles and schizophrenia.

62
Q

What are hormones ?

A

Chemicals produced by the endocrine glands

63
Q

Example of hormones as a basis of behavior

A

Carre et al (2006) found increased levels of testosterone when a Canadian ice hockey team played in their home stadium compared to away.

64
Q

Strengths of the biological approach

A

Scientific credibility
Real world applications

65
Q

Weaknesses of the biological approach

A

Biologically deterministic.
Cannot establish causality.
Evolutionary approach is untestable.

66
Q

What is the psychodynamic approach ?

A

Unconscious motives and childhood experiences.
Sexual and Aggressive drive.

67
Q

Freud’s analogy for the mind

A

An iceburg

68
Q

What is the conscious ?

A

Things you are aware of.

69
Q

What is the unconscious?

A

Things you are unaware of.

70
Q

What is the preconscious ?

A

Things that come to mind while talking or carrying out an action.

71
Q

What is the Id ?

A

Innate processes and drives, operates in the conscious.

72
Q

What is the Id governed by ?

A

Pleasure principal

73
Q

What is the Superego ?

A

Internalization of societal rules.
Determines acceptable behaviors.

74
Q

What is the Superego governed by ?

A

Morality principle.

75
Q

What is the Ego ?

A

The origin of consciousness (self)

76
Q

What is the Ego governed by ?

A

Reality principle- mediates between id and superego.

77
Q

What are defense mechanisms ?

A

Unconscious strategies used (by the ego) to manage anxiety and conflict.

78
Q

What is repression ?

A

Blocking of unacceptable thoughts and behaviours.

79
Q

What is denial ?

A

Refusing to believe reality.

80
Q

What is displacement ?

A

Transferring feelings of the source to someone else.

81
Q

Are defense mechanisms problematic ?

A

Yes, they could result in the ego becoming detatched from reality.

82
Q

What is psychoanalysis ?

A

Understanding of defense and unconscious motives driving self destructive behaviors.

83
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

The 5 stages of development shaping a child’s future.

84
Q

What is the stage theory ?

A

Children pass through each stage each with a designated ‘pleasure zone’ and ‘primary activity’

Each stage requires conflict resolution.

85
Q

The Oral stage

A

0-1 years
Focus of pleasure is the mouth-breastfeeding.

86
Q

Unresolved Oral stage

A

Smoking, biting nails and sarcasm.

87
Q

The Anal stage

A

1-3 years
Focus of pleasure is the anus- withholding or expelling faeces.

88
Q

Unresolved Anal stage

A

Anal retentive-perfectionist/obsessive
Anal expulsive-thoughtless

89
Q

Phallic stage

A

3-5 years
Focus of pleasure is the genital area- Oedipus and Electra complexes

90
Q

What is Oedipus complex ?

A

Idea that males unconsciously desire their mothers.
Identification with their fathers for resolution.
Repression and denial.

91
Q

What is the Electra complex ?

A

Idea that girls (age 3-6) desire their fathers, hostility towards mothers.

Penis envy-wanting babies to make up for not having a penis.

92
Q

What is the latency stage ?

A

Earlier conflicts are repressed.

93
Q

What is the genital stage ?

A

Sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty.
If this stage doesn’t occur a difficulty forming heterosexual relationships may develop.

94
Q

Strengths of the psychodynamic approach

A

Great explanatory powers- huge influence on psychology and contemporary thoughts.
ACEs

95
Q

Weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach

A

Unscientific and untestable (empirically)
Too deterministic
Gender bias-androcentric

96
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A

Intensively focused on discovering what it means to be fully human

97
Q

What is holism?

A

Study of the whole person

98
Q

Why do humanists reject scientific methods?

A

They see it as dehumanistic and unable to capture the richness of conscious experience

99
Q

What is free will?

A

The idea that humans have a choice in how they behave

100
Q

What is Maslows hierarchy of needs

A

An enduring model of psychological development

101
Q

What are the five levels of needs?

A

Self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety and physiological

102
Q

What are the deficiency needs ?

A

Esteem, Love/belonging, Safety and Physiological

103
Q

Which are growth needs?

A

Self-actualization

104
Q

What does the theory suggest?

A

-If needs are not met we see intrinsically motivated to meet them
-The needs become more physiological as you move up the hierarchy
-The needs are harder to satisfy the further up you go

105
Q

What is self actualisation?

A

-A person becomes the best version of themselves
-Very rare

106
Q

What is Roger’s known for?

A

Developing person-centred therapy, focus on the self

107
Q

What are the three features of “Rogers self”

A

Positive regard, congruence and conditions of worth

108
Q

How does self worth develop?

A

-Emerges from good relationships with supportive parents, friends and partners
-Directly impacts on psychological well-being

109
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

-Unconditional love and acceptance
-Positive regard is not withdrawn if mistakes are made

110
Q

What are conditions of worth?

A

-Individuals feel they have to behave in certain ways to receive positive regard
-Presence of this suggests conditional positive regard

111
Q

What is congruence?

A

Being similar to or in agreement with something

112
Q

What is incongruence ?

A

Lack of alignment between self and ideal self.

113
Q

What influence did Rogers have on counselling?

A

-Therapist provides unconditional positive regard via acceptance and empathy
-Development of healthy views of ones self

Psychology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions