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Psychology > Issues and Debates > Flashcards

Issues and Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ethnocentrism ?

A

Seeing the world only from ones own cultural perspective and believing that this one perspective is both normal and correct.

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2
Q

What is an example of ethnocentrism?

A

Ainsworth’s strange situation uses only American children and assumes it applies to all.

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3
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Insists that behaviour can be properly understood only if the cultural context is taken into consideration.

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4
Q

Example of Cultural relativism ?

A

Sternberg pointed out that coordination skills that may be essential to life in a preliterate society may be mostly relevant to intelligent behaviours.

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5
Q

What is Alpha bias?

A

Occurs when a theory assumes that cultural groups are profoundly different.

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6
Q

What is Beta bias?

A

Occurs when real cultural differences are ignored or minimised and all people are assumed to be the same resulting in universal designs and conclusions.

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7
Q

What is universality ?

A

The idea that conclusions from research can be applied to anybody everywhere regardless of time or culture.

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8
Q

What are the strengths of cultural bias ?

A

-Individuals are now more likely to recognise when cultural bias occurs.
-The world of psychology is becoming much more aware of cultural differences and acknowledging cultural relativism.

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9
Q

Limitations of cultural relativism

A

It is hard to operationalise variables if you ae studying a different culture this is because the variables under review may not be experienced in the same way by all participants.

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10
Q

What is gender bias ?

A

A tendency to treat males and females differently so that research doesn’t represent their experience/behaviour.

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11
Q

What is androcentrism?

A

Male centred research where male behaviour acts as the standard. This can result in presenting females as inadequate.

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12
Q

What is alpha bias?

A

Psychological theories that suggest there are real and enduring sex differences.

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13
Q

What is beta bias?

A

Theories that ignore or minimise the differences between sexes.

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14
Q

Is Gender bias inevitable?

A

Research will always be a product of individual experience, social and environmental context, perception at the time and societies views.

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15
Q

What is essentialism?

A

The binary view of masculinity and femininity
E.g. PMS as a category of the DSM feminists argue that it medicalises female anger in hormonal terms.

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16
Q

What are the alpha bias theories?

A

Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, Freud viewed femininity as failed masculinity.

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17
Q

What are beta biased theories ?

A

> The flight or fight response- the same considerations that apply for males don’t apply to females.

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18
Q

What is sexism in research?

A

The absence of women at senior levels in research affects the question being asked and how they’re asked. Males are more likely to be published for their research.

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19
Q

What is determinism?

A

The view that free-will is an illusion and that our behaviour is governed by internal forces over which we have no control. Consequently our behaviour is viewed as predictable.

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20
Q

What is hard determinism?

A

The view that forces outside of our control shape our behaviour.

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21
Q

What is soft determinism?

A

The view that behaviour is constrained by the environment or biological make up but only to a certain extent and that there is an element of free will in all behaviour.

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22
Q

What is biological determinism?

A

The idea that all human behaviour is inate and determined by genes.

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23
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

The view that behaviour is caused by forces outside the individual, therefore behaviour is caused y previous experiences.

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24
Q

What is psychic determinism?

A

Claims that human behaviour is the result of childhood experiences and inate drives e.g Id, Ego, Superego.

25
Q

What is a strength of determinism?

A

It is consistent with science, the idea that behaviour is predictable and orderly gives credibility. Without determinism a lot of scientific advancements wouldn’t have been made.

26
Q

What is a limitation of determinism?

A

It is not consistent with laws in our society. The court of law operates as the offender is responsible for their own actions.

27
Q

What is free will?

A

The idea that we can play an active role and have choice in how we behave. The assumption that all individuals are free to choose their behaviour and are self determined.

28
Q

What is a strength of free-will ?

A

It has face validity, every day experience gives the impression we are exercising free-will.

29
Q

What is a limitation of free-will?

A

There is evidence to support determinism. Libert et al found activity in the motor areas of the brain when making conscious choices.

30
Q

What is Holism?

A

The idea that human behaviour should be viewed as a whole integrated experience and not as separate.

31
Q

What is an example of holism ?

A

Humanistic psychology- argues that humans react to stimuli as an organised whole.

32
Q

What is a strength of Holism?

A

It considers a wider context and allows us to understand the complexities of human behaviours.

33
Q

What is a weakness of Holism?

A

Adopts unscientific approaches as it doesn’t study clear behaviour through empirical methods.

34
Q

What is reductionism ?

A

The belief that human behaviour can be explained by breaking it down into simpler component parts.

35
Q

What is reductionism based on?

A

Parsimony- the idea that complex phenomena cold be explained in basic constructs.

36
Q

What is an example of reductionism ?

A

Biological,the reduction of behaviour the hormones and brain structure.

37
Q

What are the strengths of reductionism ?

A

-Lends to methods that fit with the scientific approach as science works on reductionist theories.
-Reductionism allows for scientific testing of behaviours.

38
Q

What are the weaknesses of reductionism ?

A

-Can lead to errors in understanding as it ignores the complexity of human behaviours.
-Focus on lab methodology

39
Q

What is the idiographic approach?

A

Focus on the individual and emphasises the unique personal experience of human nature.

40
Q

What is an example of the idiographic approach ?

A

Case studies, unstructured interviews and thematic analysis.
-A case study of HM

41
Q

What is a strength of the idiographic approach ?

A

Is a good tool for evaluating psychological theories for example the case study of HM.

42
Q

What is a limitation of the idiographic approach?

A

-It is less scientific than the nomothetic approach as it doesn’t address scientific goals so is unable to produce general laws.
-It’s methods are time consuming and unrepresentative

43
Q

What is the Nomothetic approach?

A

Concerned with establishing general laws based on the study of large groups of people.

44
Q

What is an example the nomothetic approach ?

A

Experiments, correlational research and psychometric testing. All of which collect causal data and lack validity.

45
Q

What is a strength of the nomothetic approach ?

A

It is scientific and quantifiable, it has helped establish itself as a scientific discipline leading to the understated in of human behaviour.

46
Q

What is a limitation of the nomothetic approach?

A

-It doesn’t account for individual differences
-It can predict group behaviour but cannot predict individual behaviours.

47
Q

What is the combined approach ?

A

Holt (1967) argues there is no distinction between idiographic and nomothetic. For example the Working memory model

48
Q

What is the Nature approach?

A

Any influence on behaviour which is genetic e.g.genes , neurochemistry etc

49
Q

What is the meaning of hereditary?

A

The process by which traits are passed from parents to their offspring usually referring to genetic inheritance.

50
Q

What is the interactionist approach?

A

With reference to nature-nurture this is the view the processes of nature-nurture work together.

51
Q

What is the Nurture approach ?

A

The view that behaviour is the product of environmental influences.

52
Q

What is nativism?

A

A term used to describe a stance that agrees with the nature side of the debate.

53
Q

What is Empiricism ?

A

A term used for the opposing viewpoint to nativism, the environment is important.

54
Q

What are the examples of the influence of nature?

A

> Genetic- concordance rates 40 % for MZ 7% for DZ
Evolutionary-based on the principle that behaviour promotes survival will be naturally selected for.

55
Q

What are the examples of the influence of nurture?

A

> Behaviourism- assume that all behaviour can be explained in terms of experience e.g.Skinner
Social learning theory-Bandura proposes behaviour is directly acquired.

56
Q

What are the strengths of nature-nurture ?

A

> Diathesis stress model
Nurture affects nature
Epigenetics
Constructivism

57
Q

What are ethical issues ?

A

Considers the impact or consequences that psychological research has on the rights of other people in a wider context.

58
Q

What is social sensitivity ?

A

Sieber and Stanley
Occurs in studies where there are potential social consequences for the participants or group of people represented by the research.

Psychology (12 decks)

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