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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is statistical infrequency ?

A

Possession of less common characteristics that fall outside the norms.
e.g.IQ

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2
Q

What is deviation from social norms ?

A

Any behavior that differs from what society deems as normal.
This changes over time.

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3
Q

What is failure to function adequately ?

A

Abnormality judged as the inability to deal with the demands of daily life.
e.g. distress, poor hygiene, maladaptive behavior.

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4
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health ?

A

Absence of signs of good mental health, developed by Jahoda (1958)

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5
Q

Strengths of statistical infrequency

A

Is an appropriate statistical measure.
Good real life application.

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6
Q

Weaknesses of statistical infrequency

A

Hard to distinguish between desirable and undesirable.
Lacks cultural relativism.

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7
Q

Strengths of deviation from social norms

A

Distinguishes between desirable and undesirable

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8
Q

Weaknesses of deviation from social norms

A

Norms change over time.
Lacks cultural relativism.

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9
Q

Strengths of failure to function adequately

A

Takes into account the patients perspective.

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10
Q

Weaknesses of failure to function adequately

A

Requires objective judgement.
Lacks cultural relativism.

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11
Q

Strengths of deviation from ideal mental health

A

Focuses on positive psychology.

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12
Q

Weaknesses of deviation from ideal mental health

A

Sets unattainably high standards.
Lacks cultural relativism.

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13
Q

Emotional characteristics of Phobias

A

Persistent anxiety
Extreme fear

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14
Q

Behavioural characteristics of Phobias

A

Panic
Shortness of breath

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15
Q

Cognitive characteristics of Phobias

A

Irrational thought process

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16
Q

Emotional characteristics of Depression

A

Sadness
Avolition
Anger

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17
Q

Behavioural characteristics of Depression

A

Reduction in energy
Tiredness

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18
Q

Cognitive characteristics of Depression

A

Negative thoughts
Poor concentration
Memory bias

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19
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD

A

Anxiety
Distress
Embrassment
Shame

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20
Q

Behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

Compulsive behaviours
Avoidance

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21
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

Obsessive thoughts (repeated)

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22
Q

What are the two behavioural treatments for Phobias

A

Systematic desensitisation and Flooding

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23
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

Phobia treatment where patients learn to respond to feared stimuli with relaxation instead of anxiety.
- deep muscle relaxation
-gradual exposure

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24
Q

What is flooding?

A

Treatment of phobias where patients are exposed to their fear without gradual build up
-immediate exposure
-prevents avoidance

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25
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Systematic desensitisation

A

A= supportive evidence, 75% responded
D= not a valid treatment for all phobias as some aren’t learnt

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26
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Flooding

A

A= cost effective, faster
D= may not work fro everyone, slightly unethical, high attrition rates

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27
Q

Definition of Phobias

A

persistent and irrational fear of a situation, object or activity which is either avoided or endured with distress.

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28
Q

Definition of Depression

A

persistent sadness and a lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities.

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29
Q

Definition of OCD

A

a common condition where a person has obsessive thoughts and complulsive behaviours

30
Q

What is the behavioural approach?

A

the theory of learning stating all behavours are learnt through environmental interaction through learning (conditioning)

31
Q

What is classical conditioning ?

A

learning through association

32
Q

What are the research examples of classical conditioning ?

A

Pavlov’s dogs
Watson’s little Albert

33
Q

What is operant conditioning ?

A

learning through consequences

34
Q

What is the example for operant conditioning ?

A

Skinners boxes, positive and negative reinforcement

35
Q

What is Mowrer’s two process model ?

A

A theory proposing :
1- Phobias are acquired or initiated through classical conditioning (association)
2- Phobias are maintained or continued through operant conditioning (via consequences)

36
Q

How are Phobias maintained ?

A

Operant conditioning, behaviour is reinforced
A person avoids the feared stimulus

37
Q

Advantages of Maurer’s two process model

A

Supportive evidence (Watson + Rayner)

38
Q

Disadvantages of Maurer’s two process model

A
  • incomplete explanation, more to it than learning
  • ignores cognitive factors eg. developed Phobias
39
Q

What do cognitive theories state as the cause of depression ?

A

dysfunctional or irrational thinking

40
Q

Becks negative triad

A

(1967)
- argues that depression is caused by faulty information processing, argues those with depression have negative schema’s
- overgeneralisation + absolutist thinking

41
Q

What is a schema ?

A

a mental representation of knowledge

42
Q

What is the negative triad ?

A

World- creates the impression there is no hope anywhere
Future- furthers hopelessness and worsens depression
Self- enhances depressive feelings, low self esteem

43
Q

Ellis ABC model states depression

A

is caused by irrational thinking processes - muatabatory thinking, thinking that ideas or assumptions must be true

44
Q

What does the A mean in Ellis’s model

A

Activating event- the adversity or event to which there is a reaction

45
Q

What does the B mean in Ellis’s ABC model

A

Beliefs- the belief or explanation about why the situation occurred

46
Q

What does the C mean in Ellis’s ABC model

A

Consequences- the feelings and behaviour the belief now causes, the external event is blamed for unhappiness.

47
Q

Advantages of the cognitive approach to explaining depression

A
  • supportive evidence linking faulty cognitions and depression, Grazoli and Terry
  • application to real life, CBT is effective, validity
48
Q

Disadvantages of the cognitive approach to explaining depression

A
  • reductionist, only considers thinking, ignores the biological approach
  • focuses on responsibility for the disorder, ignores situational factors therefore can only explain some cases
49
Q

Beck’s CBT

A

uses Beck’s triad to identify thoughts, the patient and therapist work together to discuss evidence for and against the irrational thoughts

50
Q

Ellis’s REBT

A
  • an extension of the ABC model including dispute, effective and feelings
  • moving from catastropising to rational thoughts
51
Q

Advantages of CBT

A

-lots of evidence (March et al 2007)
-327 adolescents, after 36 weeks 81% improved

52
Q

Disadvantages of CBT

A

-individual differences limit effect
-may minimise importance of life events
-suggests depression is the patients fault
-may not meet the needs of all individuals

53
Q

Who produced a theory about genetics and OCD

A

Nestadt et el (2000) said that there is a 12% chance of having OCD if your relatives have OCD

54
Q

Key words to explaining OCD (genetic)

A

-Polygenic
-230 candidate genes
-Aetiologically heterogeneous

55
Q

What is the COMT gene and what does it do ?

A

A gene that produces enzymes that regulate dopamine, low enzyme levels lead to high dopamine levels

56
Q

What is the SERT gene and what does it do?

A

A gene that creates proteins to remove serotonin, mutation of this gene causes low serotonin levels.

57
Q

Reasons for OCD

A

-diathesis stress model
-genetic vulnerability
-genes
-evironmental stress

58
Q

What twins are used in studying OCD

A

MZ and DZ twins

59
Q

Advantages of biological (genetic) explanations of OCD

A

-supportive evidence, Nestdat et al

60
Q

Disadvantages of biological (genetic) explanations of OCD

A

-too many candidate genes
-low predictive validity
-ignores the role of environmental factors

61
Q

What are the three neural explanations to explaining OCD

A

-Serotonin
-Dopamine
-The worry circuit, orbitofrontal cortex

62
Q

Role of serotonin

A

-regulates mood
-low serotonin leads to ineffective communication

63
Q

Role of dopamine

A

-maintaing intrest and motivation
-high dopamine leads to compulsions

64
Q

What is the worry circuit

A

-signal is sent to the thalamus to report worry
-that signal is sent to the caudate nucleus
-if the caudate nucleus is damaged it leads to more worry (OCD)

65
Q

Advantages of the neural explanation of OCD

A

-empirical evidence, antidepressants work for treatment, effective with OCD

66
Q

Advantages of the neural explanation of OCD

A

-evidence for the OFC
Menzies et al used MRI imaging to produce real brain images providing evidence

67
Q

Biological approaches to treating OCD

A

-SSRI’s
-SNRI’s
-Anti anxiety drugs

68
Q

What are SSRI’s

A

-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, they prevent the recycling of serotonin.

69
Q

What are SNRI’s

A

-Serotonin and Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors
-Examples:

70
Q

Anti-anxiety drugs

A

-benzodiazapines
-GABA inhibitory drugs

71
Q

Advantages of biological approaches to treating OCD

A

-more cost effective for the NHS, preferred by GP’s
-supportive empirical evidence, supports statistics for biological treatments

72
Q

Disadvantages of biological approaches to treating OCD

A

-unpleasant side effects, not effective long term
-puplication bias, sponsored by drug research companies

Psychology (12 decks)

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