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Psychology A level > SOCIAL INFLUENCE > Flashcards

SOCIAL INFLUENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

Explanations for obedience

What are the explanations for obedience?

A

Agentic state

Legitimacy of authority

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2
Q

Explanations for obedience

What is the agentic state?

A

When we act as an agent of someone in authority
We find it easier to deny personal responsibility for our actions
Thus protecting our self image

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3
Q

Explanations for obedience

When does the agentic shift occur?

A

When confronted with an authority figure

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4
Q

Explanations for obedience

What is the autonomous state?

A

Direct OWN behaviour

Take responsibility

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5
Q

Explanations for obedience

What are binding factors?

A

Even if they feel the actions are wrong, they are unable to stop
Stopping would lead to worse consequences

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6
Q

Explanations for obedience
Strengths of the agentic state as an explanation for obedience
Research support

A

Milgrim

Ppts in shock experiment acted as an agent of the lab assistant who encouraged them to shock the learners

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7
Q

Explanations for obedience
Strengths of the agentic state as an explanation for obedience
Real- life application

A

Doctors at Auschwitz

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8
Q

Explanations for obedience
Limitations of the agentic state as an explanation for obedience
Culture bias

A

Collectivist cultures are taught to obey authority

Agentic state wouldn’t be as relevant in individualistic cultures

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9
Q

Explanations for obedience
Limitations of the agentic state as an explanation for obedience
Features of science

A

Relies on self reporting

NOT objective, reliable or empirical

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10
Q

Explanations for obedience

What is legitimacy of authority as an explanation for obedience?

A

We are more likely to obey people we perceive have authority
Authority is justified by position of power within a social hierarchy

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11
Q

Explanations for obedience

What factor makes an authority figure seem legitimate?

A

Authority figure needs to be inside a certain institution

e.g. lab or university

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12
Q

Explanations for obedience
Strengths of legitimacy of authority as an explanation for obedience
Research support

A

Milgrim
Situational variables like uniform (casual) and location (run down office) increased obedience
In both repeat tests, 48% shocked to 450v in comparison to 65% in the original tests

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13
Q

Explanations for obedience
Strengths of legitimacy of authority as an explanation for obedience
Real- life application

A

Doctors at Auschwitz

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14
Q

Explanations for obedience
Limitations of legitimacy of authority as an explanation for obedience
Culture bias

A

Collectivist cultures are taught to obey authority

Agentic state wouldn’t be as relevant in individualistic cultures

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15
Q

Explanations for obedience

Procedure of Milgrims original shock experiment

A

40 male American ppts
Learners (confeds) to answer Qs about word lists to test of punishment increases learning
Teacher (ppt) told to shock incorrect answers
Increasing voltage by 15v each time
15- 450v with buttons labelled with severity of shock
Lab assistant (confed) prompted ppt

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16
Q

Explanations for obedience

Findings of Milgrims original shock experiment

A

100% to 300v
65% to 450v
Due to agentic state

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17
Q

Explanations for obedience

What were the 3 situational variables Milgrim tested?

A

Proximity
Uniform
Location

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18
Q

Explanations for obedience
Original vs repeat shock tests for proximity
Prodedures

A

org. teacher and learner in different rooms

rep. teacher and learner in same room

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19
Q

Explanations for obedience
Original vs repeat shock tests for proximity
Findings

A

Obedience decreased

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20
Q

Explanations for obedience
Original vs repeat shock tests for uniform
Procedures

A

org. lab assistant wore grey lab coat

rep. lab assistant called out of room and replaced by replaced by someone wearing casual clothes

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21
Q

Explanations for obedience
Original vs repeat shock tests for uniform
Findings

A

Obedience decreased

48% shocked to 450v

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22
Q

Explanations for obedience
Original vs repeat shock tests for location
Procedures

A

org. Yale Lab Uni

rep. Run down office block

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23
Q

Explanations for obedience
Original vs repeat shock tests for uniform
Findings

A

Obedience decreased

48% shocked to 450v

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24
Q

Explanations for obedience
Strengths of situational variables as an explanation for obedience
Research support for uniform

A

Bush- dressed in 3 costumes and asked the public for parking money
police- 72%
businessman- 48%
begger- 52%

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25
Q

Explanations for obedience
Strengths of situational variables as an explanation for obedience
Real- life application

A

Attitude towards war crimes

Less blame

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26
Q

Explanations for obedience
Limitations of situational variables as an explanation for obedience
Small sample

A

Org. 40 ppts

Not generalisable

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27
Q

Explanations for obedience
Limitations of situational variables as an explanation for obedience
Culture bias

A

American ppts

No generalisable

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28
Q

Explanations for obedience
Limitations of situational variables as an explanation for obedience
Ethics

A

Deception
NO informed consent
Psychological harm

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29
Q

Explanations for obedience

What is the authoritarian personality?

A

A distinct personality disorder characterised by strict adherence to conventional values and a belief in absolute obedience to authority

30
Q

Explanations for obedience

Who created the F- scale?

A

Adorno

31
Q

Explanations for obedience

What is the F- scale?

A

Relationship between personality and prejudiced beliefs

32
Q

Explanations for obedience

What was the procedure of the F- scale study?

A 
2000 middle class white Americans 
Filled out questionnaire with either 'agree' or 'disagree'
33
Q

Explanations for obedience

What were the findings of the F- scale study?

A

scored highly/ more agrees= strong people, contemptuous of the weak

34
Q

Explanations for obedience

Explain the development of the authoritarian personality

A

Disciplined upbringing
Father is harsh
This is the assumed norm

35
Q

Explanations for obedience

What was the authorial personality refined to?

A

Right- wing authoritarianism

36
Q

Explanations for obedience

What 3 character traits must a person posses to have the authoritarian personality?

A

Conventionalism
Authoritarian aggression
Authoritarian submission

37
Q

Explanations for obedience

What is conventionalism as a character trait of the authoritarian personality?

A

Adherence to conventional values and norms

38
Q

Explanations for obedience

What is authoritarian aggression as a character trait of the authoritarian personality?

A

Aggressive feelings towards those who violate conventional norms

39
Q

Explanations for obedience

What is authoritarian submission as a character trait of the authoritarian personality?

A

Submission to legitimate authorities

40
Q

Explanations for obedience

Who conducted the study into the link between the AP and relationships with parents?

A

Elms and Milgrim

41
Q

Explanations for obedience

What was the procedure of the study into the link between the AP and relationships with parents?

A

PPts from Milgrims shock experiment- 20 were obedient, 20 weren’t obedient
Completed F- scale questionnaire
Asked about relationship with parents

42
Q

Explanations for obedience

What were the findings of the study into the link between the AP and relationships with parents?

A

Obedient ppts= less close with parents

Supports development of AP

43
Q

Explanations for obedience
Limitations of the authoritarian personality as an explanation for obedience
Culture bias

A

American ppts
May be difference between collectivist and individualistic cultures
Not generalisable

44
Q

Explanations for obedience
Limitations of the authoritarian personality as an explanation for obedience
Gender bias

A

Male ppts
Not generalisable

Development of AP = harsh FATHER -> ignores influence of mother -> alpha bias

45
Q

Explanations for obedience
Limitations of the authoritarian personality as an explanation for obedience
Deterministic

A

disciplined upbringing + harsh father = AP

46
Q

Explanations for obedience
Limitations of the authoritarian personality as an explanation for obedience
F- scale statements

A

VERY objective, whereas humans are subjective

Not accurate measurement

47
Q

Explanations for obedience
Limitations of the authoritarian personality as an explanation for obedience
Contrasting research- Milgrim

A

Milgrims situational variables have a bigger impact on obedience than dispositional variables like the AP

48
Q

Resistance to social influence

What is the locus of control?

A

The sense we have about what directs events in our lives

49
Q

Resistance to social influence

What is an internal LOC?

A

Believe that they are mostly responsible for what happens to them

50
Q

Resistance to social influence

What characteristics does someone with n internal LOC possess?

A

Self- confident
Achievement orientated
Higher intelligence
Less need for social approval

51
Q

Resistance to social influence

What is an external LOC?

A

Things happen without their own control

52
Q

Resistance to social influence

Which LOC would lead to resistance to social influence?

A

Internal LOC

53
Q

Resistance to social influence
Strengths of LOC as an explanation for resisting social influence
Research support

A

Holland conducted a Milgrim- type study
% that DIDN’T shock to 450v
37% were internals
23% were externals

Internals have higher self- confidence and less desire for social approval

54
Q

Resistance to social influence
Limitations of LOC as an explanation for resisting social influence
Limited application

A

LOC only important in NEW situations

Familiar situations rely on learning from past experiences

55
Q

Resistance to social influence

What is social support as an explanation for resistance to social influence?

A

The presence of people who resist pressures to conform help others to do the same
They act as role models to show others that resistance IS possible

56
Q

Resistance to social influence
Strengths of social support as an explanation for resisting social influence
Research support- Asch

A

Presence of an ally- conformity reduced to 5.5%

57
Q

Resistance to social influence
Strengths of social support as an explanation for resisting social influence
Research support- Allen & Levine

A

Ash- type study

Even if ally said they had sight issues, conformity still decreased -> social support very relevant

58
Q

Resistance to social influence
Limitations of social support as an explanation for resisting social influence
Evaluations of supportive research studies

A 
Lab study
Culture bias
Gender bias
Individual differences
Temporally relative- McCarthyism as an exp. for conformity
59
Q

Minority influence

What is minority influence?

A

When someone disagrees with the majority and persuades them to change their opinion
Usually leads to internalisation- public + private

60
Q

Minority influence

What are the 3 behaviours needed to convert the minority to the majority?

A

Consistency
Commitment
Flexibility

61
Q

Minority influence

What is consistency?

A

Consistency of beliefs

Increases interest from the majority and makes other rethink their views

62
Q

Minority influence

What is commitment?

A

Extreme activities
To draw attention
Augmentation principle

augmentation-making something bigger, more important, such as by risking their lives for it

63
Q

Minority influence

What is flexibility?

A

Minority is slightly lenient

So they don’t appear rigid or uncompromising

64
Q

Minority influence

What study tested minority influence?

A

Moscovici- blue slide, green slide test

65
Q

Minority influence

What was the aim of the blue slide, green slide test?

A

To test consistency vs flexibility in minority influence

66
Q

Minority influence

What was the procedure of the blue slide, green slide test?

A

Each group contained 4 ppts and 2 confeds
Shown 36 slides of different shades of blue
C1- Consistency- confeds stated ‘green’ for all slides
C2- Flexibility- confeds stated ‘green’ for 24 slides and ‘blue’ for 12 slides

67
Q

Minority influence

What were the findings of the blue slide, green slide test?

A

C1- Consistency- 8.42% of ppts stated ‘green’
C2- Flexibility- 1.25% of ppts stated ‘green’
CONSISTENCY IS MOST EFFECTIVE

68
Q

Minority influence
Strengths of conversion through minority influence
Research support

A

Moscovici- blue slide, green slide test

Showed that consistency is most effective in minority influence

69
Q

Minority influence
Limitations of conversion through minority influence
Research support- Mosovici

A

Artificial tasks- lacks ecological validity
Culture bias
Lab study

70
Q

Minority influence
Limitations of conversion through minority influence
Commitment
Against features of science

A

Limited research into commitment -_ feature of science is theory testing -> not extensively done

Psychology A level (12 decks)

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