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ATTACHMENT Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the animal studies of attachment?

A

Lorenz and Harlow

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2
Q

Animal studies of attachment

Who conduced the imprinting study?

A

Lorenz

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3
Q

Animal studies of attachment

What is imprinting?

A

The evolved, innate ability of animals to make an attachment to the first moving thing they see
For protection and learning survival behaviour

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4
Q

Animal studies of attachment

Aim of imprinting study

A

To test imprinting as an evolved, innate ability

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5
Q

Animal studies of attachment

Procedure of imprinting study

A

Clutch of grey lag geese split into 2
C1- Eggs returned to natural mother
C2- Eggs placed in incubator & hatched with Lorenz

Put ALL geese in a room and tested whether they followed Lorenz or biological mother

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6
Q

Animal studies of attachment

Findings of imprinting study

A

The geese imprinted on whoever they saw first

Critical period- 48 hours, goslings imprinted within 14 hours

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7
Q

Animal studies of attachment

What theory does the imprinting study support?

A

Supports Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory

Adaptive, critical period, monotropy

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8
Q

Animal studies of attachment
Strengths of imprinting study
Natural

A

High ecological validity

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9
Q

Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of imprinting study
Natural

A

No control over extraneous variables

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10
Q

Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of imprinting study
Animal study

A

Cant extrapolate to humans

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11
Q

Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of imprinting study
Investigator bias

A

Lorenz was experimenter and investigator -> bias -> NOT analysed results objectively -> lack validity

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12
Q

Animal studies of attachment
Strengths of imprinting study
Further research support

A

Guiton
Exposed leghorn chicks to yellow rubber gloves whilst feeding -> imprinted -> linked with later mating behaviour -> survival behaviour

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13
Q

Animal studies of attachment

Who conduced the origins of love study?

A

Harlow

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14
Q

Animal studies of attachment

How did Harlow propose attachments were formed?

A

Attachments formed through comfort

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15
Q

Animal studies of attachment

Aim of Harlows study

A

To disprove the learning theory

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16
Q

Animal studies of attachment

Procedure of Harlows study

A

8 infant rhesus monkeys studied from 165 days
C1- Cloth mother had milk bottle
C2- Wire mother has milk bottle

Recorded time spent per day on mother
Reactions when scared

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17
Q

Animal studies of attachment

Findings of Harlows study

A

ALL spent most time on cloth mother, regardless of milk bottle & if scared
18 hours a day

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18
Q

Animal studies of attachment

Lasting effects of Harlows study

A

Socially abnormal

Sexually abnormal

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19
Q

Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of Harlows study
Confounding variables

A

The ‘faces’ of the mothers were different, which may be a reason for the cloth mother being more popular- e.g. her face could’ve seemed more natural

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20
Q

Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of Harlows study
Animal study

A

Cant extrapolate to humans

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21
Q

Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of Harlows study
Ethics

A

Lon- term psychological consequences

Shown as lasting effects included social and sexual abnormality

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22
Q

Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of Harlows study
Artificial tasks

A

Low ecological validity

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23
Q

Animal studies of attachment
Strengths of Harlows study
Allows research

A

Allows research that cannot be undertaken on humans due to ethics

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24
Q

Animal studies of attachment
Strengths of Harlows study
Lab study

A

Control over extraneous varibles

Can be replicated for reliability

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25
Q

Explanations of attachment

What are the explanations of attachment?

A

Learning theory- behaviourist

Monotropic theory- biological

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26
Q

Explanations of attachment

What is the learning theory AKA?

A

The cupboard love theory

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27
Q

Explanations of attachment

What does the cupboard love theory propose?

A

Attachment is based on provision of food alone

Occurs as the child seeks out the person who can supply the reward

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28
Q

Explanations of attachment

Classical conditioning in the learning theory

A

Before- mother (NS), food (UCS), baby happy (UCR)
During- mother and food consistently linked to make baby happy
After- mother (CS), baby happy (CR)

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29
Q

Explanations of attachment

Operant conditioning in learning theory

A

Drive reduction theory- Dollard and Miller
hungry -> drive to reduce -> fed-> discomfort reduced-> food is primary reinforcer and supplier is secondary reinforcer

Positive reinforcement- feeding pleasure
Negative reinforcement- reduce discomfort

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30
Q

Explanations of attachment
Strengths of learning theory
Research support

A

Pavlov- CC

Skinner- OC

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31
Q

Explanations of attachment
Limitations of learning theory
Animal studies

A

Supportive research undertaken on animals

Can’t extrapolate

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32
Q

Explanations of attachment
Limitations of learning theory
Contrasting research

A

Harlow proposed that attachment is formed through comfort

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33
Q

Explanations of attachment

What is Bowlbys definition for attachment?

A

Attachment is an evolved mechanism to ensure survival of the child

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34
Q

Explanations of attachment

What are the 5 aspects of Bowlbys monotropic theory?

A 
ASCMI
Adaptive
Social releases
Critical period
Monotropy
Inner working model
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35
Q

Explanations of attachment

Monotropic theory- Adaptive

A

Attachment in innate

Babies and caregivers have evolved through natural selection

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36
Q

Explanations of attachment

Monotropic theory- Social releases

A

Babies- crying and smiling

Caregiers have instincts

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37
Q

Explanations of attachment

Monotropic theory- Critical period

A

6 months- 2 1/2 years

If attachment is disrupted during the CP, there will be negative consequences

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38
Q

Explanations of attachment

Monotropic theory- Monotropy

A

One relationship is TOP of the hierarchy

IT is the most important

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39
Q

Explanations of attachment

Monotropic theory- Inner working model

A

First attachment provides a template for future relationship (continuity hypothesis)
Child- lovable or not
Caregiver- trustworthy or not

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40
Q

Explanations of attachment
Strengths of monotropic theory
Real- life application

A

Critical period- age at which children should be adopted

Monotropy- importance of extended maternity leave without disruptions

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41
Q

Explanations of attachment
Strengths of monotropic theory
Research support

A

Lorenz- adaptive, critical period, monotropy

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42
Q

Who investigated the types of attachment?

A

Mary Ainsworth

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43
Q

What was the aim of the Strange Situation study?

A

To investigate the different types of attachment between babies and their caregivers

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44
Q

Who were the ppts of the Strange Situation study?

A

Mothers and infants aged 9-18 months

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45
Q

Episode 1 of the Strange Situation

A
  1. Mamma baby
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46
Q

Episode 2 of the Strange Situation

A
  1. Baby play
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47
Q

Episode 3 of the Strange Situation

A
  1. Mumma stranger
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48
Q

Episode 4 of the Strange Situation

A
  1. Mumma goes away
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49
Q

Episode 5 of the Strange Situation

A
  1. Mumma comes back and stranger goes away
50
Q

Episode 6 of the Strange Situation

A
  1. Mumma laves baby alone for the day
51
Q

Episode 7 of the Strange Situation

A
  1. Stranger comforts baby whilst mumma is away
52
Q

Episode 8 of the Strange Situation

A
  1. Mumma comes back and stranger goes- hooray!
53
Q

What 4 attachment behaviours were being observed in the Strange Situation?

A

Mother as a secure base
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Reunion behaviour

54
Q

What were the findings of the Strange Situation study?

A

3 attachment types

55
Q

What is type A attachment?

A

Insecure- avoidant

56
Q

What are key behaviours of type A attachment?

A

Low stranger anxiety
Low separation anxiety
No response to return
Willing to explore

57
Q

What % of babies are type A attachment?

A

22%

58
Q

What is type B attachment?

A

Secure

59
Q

What are key behaviours of type B attachment?

A

Moderate stranger anxiety
Moderate separation anxiety
Positive reunion behaviour
Willing to explore if mother present

60
Q

What % of babies are type B attachment?

A

66%

61
Q

What is type C attachment?

A

Insecure- resistant

62
Q

What are key behaviours of type C attachment?

A

High stranger anxiety
High separation anxiety
Negative reunion behaviour- angry at mother
Anxious to explore

63
Q

Limitations of the Strange Situation & attachment types

Culture bias

A

Strange Situation used middle class, white, Americans

Reflects individualistic culture

64
Q

Limitations of the Strange Situation & attachment types

Temporally relative

A

May show DIFFERENT attachment type at different occasions

65
Q

Limitations of the Strange Situation & attachment types

Artificial tasks

A

Low ecological validity

66
Q

Limitations of the Strange Situation & attachment types

Beta- bias

A

Baby may show DIFFERENT attachment types when with different people
e.g. Lamb proposed father as a playmate

67
Q

Strengths of the Strange Situation & attachment types

Test- retest reliability

A

Similar studies show different results

68
Q

Strengths of the Strange Situation & attachment types

Real- life application

A

Worldwide method for measuring attachment attachment types

69
Q

Who conducted the study into cultural variations in attachment?

A

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

70
Q

What was the aim of the study into cultural variations in attachment?

A

To investigate if attachment types are universal across all cultures, or culturally specific

71
Q

Who’s theory do I&K question?

A

Bowlbys monotropic theory -> suggests attachment is biological -> suggests its universal across all cultures

72
Q

What was the procedure of the study into cultural variations in attachment?

A

8 countries
32 studies
2,000 + babies

Used Ainsworth’s Strange Situation attachment types

73
Q

What were the findings of the study into cultural variations in attachment?

A

4 findings

  • Secure (B) attachments most common
  • Avoidant (A) most common in west Germany
  • Resistant (C) most common in Japan & Israel -> mums stay close to babies
  • Differences WITHIN cultures was 1.5% LARGER than BETWEEN cultures
74
Q

Strengths of cultural variations in attachment

Meta- analysis

A

8 countries
32 studies
2,000 babies
large sample -> reliable -> generalisable

75
Q

Strengths of cultural variations in attachment

Real- life application

A

Secure (B) -> most common -> best biological method for survival

76
Q

Limitations of cultural variations in attachment

Some culture bias

A

18/ 32 studies undertaken in America

27/ 32 studies undertaken in individualistic cultures

77
Q

Limitations of cultural variations in attachment

Imposed etic

A

Strange Situation developed in America so not suitable for other cultures

78
Q

Who proposed the maternal deprivation theory?

A

Bowlby

79
Q

What does the maternal deprivation theory propose?

A

If a child experiences a loss of maternal care during the critical period, there will be long- term consequences

80
Q

What are the 3 elements of the maternal deprivation theory?

A

The value of maternal care
Critical period
Long- term consequences

81
Q

Maternal deprivation theory

The value of maternal care

A

NOT enough for a child to be safe and fed

Need a warm, intimate and continuous relationship

82
Q

Maternal deprivation theory

Critical period

A

Separation will only have these effects if it occurs within the critical period
BUT risks up to 5 years old

83
Q

Maternal deprivation theory

Long- term consequences

A

Emotional issues

Mental health issues e.g. depression

84
Q

Strengths of the maternal deprivation theory

Real- life application

A

Importance of child rearing
Pre 1950s- infants in hospitals had little visits
Post 1950s- family visits are encouraged

85
Q

Strengths of the maternal deprivation theory

Research support

A

Bifulco

25% of patients with depression experienced early separation

86
Q

Limitations of the maternal deprivation theory

‘Deprivation’ is unclear

A

Often taught to just be physical, but can ALSO be emotional separation

87
Q

Limitations of the maternal deprivation theory

Deterministic

A

Early separation = long- term consequences

88
Q

What is the supportive study for the maternal deprivation theory?

A

44 juvenile thieves

89
Q

What was the aim of the 44 juvenile thieves study?

A

To investigate whether a lack of maternal care during the critical period leads to emotional maladjustment

90
Q

What was the procedure of the 44 juvenile thieves study?

A

88 ‘emotionally maladjusted’ children
44 had been caught stealing
14 were ‘affectionless psychopaths’ - no empathy, guilt or shame

91
Q

What were the findings of the 44 juvenile thieves study?

A

12 of the ‘affectionless psychopaths’ had experiences early separations with their mothers
Supports maternal deprivation theory

92
Q

Limitations of the 44 juvenile thieves study

Investigator bias

A

Used ppts from his own London clinic

Collected AND interpreted data -> bias -> lacks validity

93
Q

Limitations of the 44 juvenile thieves study

Small sample

A

88- 44- 14- 12

94
Q

Limitations of the 44 juvenile thieves study

Culture bias

A

London clinic -> individualistic

95
Q

Who studied the effects of institutionalisation?

A

Rutter & Burke

96
Q

What is institutionalisation?

A

The impact of living in an institution

Social, mental and physical underdevelopment, some of which is irreversible

97
Q

Institutionalisation

What was the aim of the study into institutionalisation?

A

Study the ERA

98
Q

Institutionalisation

What does ERA stand for?

A

English & Romanian adoptees

99
Q

Institutionalisation

Who were the ppts of the study into institutionalisation?

A

165 Romanian children who spent early lives in institutions- 111 adopted before 2y/o, 54 adopted before 5y/o

British children adopted before 6 months old

100
Q

Institutionalisation

What was the procedure of the study into institutionalisation?

A

Romanian children compared to control group of British children
Tested at ages 6, 11 and 15 on physical, cognitive and social development

101
Q

Institutionalisation

What were the findings of the study into institutionalisation?

A

At time of adoption, ALL Romanian orphans were smaller, weighed less and ‘mentally retarded’
Romanian orphans adopted before 2y/o caught up with UK by 4y/o
Romanian orphans adopted before 5y/o showed ‘disinhibited attachment’ - form of insecure attachment: overfamiliarity with strangers and attention seeking

102
Q

Institutionalisation

What is disinhibited attachment?

A

A form of insecure attachment
Overfamiliarity with strangers
Attention seeking behaviours

103
Q

Strengths of institutionalisation

Real- life application

A

Adoption laws -> the ages children should be adopted

104
Q

Strengths of institutionalisation

Natural experiment

A

No demand characteristics

Socially sensitive

105
Q

Strengths of institutionalisation

Longitudinal study

A

Tested long- term

Tested at ages 6, 11 and 15

106
Q

Limitations of institutionalisation

Deterministic

A

In institution at young age -> long- term negative consequences

107
Q

Limitations of institutionalisation

Lacks reliability

A

Can’t be replicated as socially sensitive

108
Q

Institutionalisation

What are the 4 effects of institutionalisation?

A

Physical underdevelopment
Intellectual underfunctioning
Disinhibited attachment
Poor parenting

109
Q

Institutionalisation
Effects of institutionalisation
Physical underdevelopment

A

Due to poor nutrition

Lack of care -> deprivation dwarfism

110
Q

Institutionalisation
Effects of institutionalisation
Intellectual underfunctioning

A

Lower IQ

Lack of education

111
Q

Institutionalisation
Effects of institutionalisation
Disinhibited attachment

A

A form of insecure attachment
Overfamiliarity with strangers
Attention seeking behaviour

112
Q

Institutionalisation
Effects of institutionalisation
Poor parenting

A

More extreme difficulties in parenting

113
Q

Early attachment on adult relationships

What study tested the IWM?

A

The love quiz

114
Q

Early attachment on adult relationships

Who conduced the love quiz?

A

Hazan and Shaver

115
Q

Early attachment on adult relationships

What was the aim of the love quiz?

A

To test the influence on early attachment on adult relationships
The IWM

116
Q

Early attachment on adult relationships

What was the procedure of the love quiz?

A

Placed quiz in Rocky Mountain local paper
Asked about- early relationships and current relationships
To identify attachment type A, B or C

117
Q

Early attachment on adult relationships

What were the findings of the love quiz?

A 
620 responses- 415 women and 205 men
56% secure -> positive IWM
25% avoidant 
19% resistant 
POSITIVE correlation between early and adult relationship type
118
Q

Early attachment on adult relationships
Limitations of the love quiz
Self- reporting

A

Demand characteristics
Social desirability bias
May not be consciously aware

119
Q

Early attachment on adult relationships
Limitations of the love quiz
Deterministic

A

Poor early relationships = poor adult relationships

120
Q

Early attachment on adult relationships
Limitations of the love quiz
Cultural bias

A

Sample in local America newspaper

121
Q

Early attachment on adult relationships
Limitations of the love quiz
Gender bias

A

415 women
205 men
Unequal sample

122
Q

Early attachment on adult relationships
Limitations of the love quiz
Volunteer sample

A

Ppts may have similar personality traits in order to volunteer -> biased sample -> not representative

Psychology A level (12 decks)

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