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Geography - A LEVEL > social inequality > Flashcards

social inequality Flashcards

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1
Q

what is social inequality

A

the unequal distribution of factors such as income, education or health across a population.

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2
Q

what are the two different ways social inequality can occur

A

can occur between two different places
can occur within a place

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3
Q

what is spatial inequality

A

the unequal distribution of factors such as income, education or health across geographic space at any scale (local, national, regional)

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4
Q

what is standard of living

A

the ability to access services and goods

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5
Q

what is quality of life

A

the extent to which peoples needs and desires (social, phycological, physical) are met.

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6
Q

what is the HDI

A

human development index - a composite index comprising of:
- life expectancy
- education
- per capita income

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7
Q

the HDI is used to rank countries into tiers of development what are these ranks

A

very high (>= 0.800)
high (0.700-0.799)
medium (0.550-0.699)
low (<= 0.549)

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8
Q

what is the most widely used measure of inequality in a country

A

the Gini Index

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9
Q

what does the Gini index look at

A

the distribution of a nations income or wealth

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10
Q

what do 0 and 100 represent on a Gini index

A

0 - represents perfect equality
100 - represents perfect inequality

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11
Q

what method was used in the 1980’s to measure inequalities

A

Brandt line

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12
Q

what is the Brandt line

A

a line across the globe to visually depict the difference between the “rich north” and “poor south”

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13
Q

why do we avoid the use of the Brant line

A

it is offensive to use

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14
Q

What is an LIDC

A

a low income developing country

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15
Q

what is an EDC

A

an emerging and developing country

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16
Q

what is an AC

A

advanced countries

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17
Q

why are some countries poorer than others

A

political factors - conflict, corruption
historical factors - colonial rule, independence
economic factors - trade restrictions, loans
environmental factors -natural disasters, disease

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18
Q

what is absolute poverty

A

those living in poverty do not have the basic necessities for survival, food, shelter etc. - living on less than $1.90 a day

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19
Q

what is relative poverty

A

the standard of living for those living in poverty is lower than the general living standards of the rest of the social group - in UK earning less than 60% of median household income.

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20
Q

which factors contribute to social income

A

income/employment
gender
age
healthcare
education
personal mobility
ethnicity
housing quality
access to services

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21
Q

how does housing quality show inequalities

A

people who rent have less stability and may face sudden price increases from landlords.
poor housing can lead to health issues e.g. if black mould grows
poor housing can lead to excessive and unexpected repair bills

22
Q

what is housing tenure

A

the ownership of a home. people who own their own home have more stability and can plan long term, though mortgage rates can change

23
Q

what scale does housing quality show

A

shows social inequality at any scale

24
Q

how does education affect inequalities

A

limited access to education can lead to deprivation
when education is invested in skill levels can raise, employment prospects improve, income and access to housing increase.

25
Q

what do some educational programmes focus on improving

A

health so children know how to stay healthy and in school

26
Q

how does healthcare affect inequalities

A

where you live in the UK can affect your access to the NHS
In other countries if you cant pay for healthcare you have no access

27
Q

what does a lack of access to healthcare mean

A

can reduce employment and education opportunities if health issues cant be addressed.

28
Q

what is an unemployed person

A

someone seeking employment

29
Q

what is an economically inactive person

A

a person not seeking work

30
Q

What do higher/lower incomes across the country lead to

A

inequalities as having a higher income can provide benefits.

31
Q

what is multiple deprivation

A

where a household is deprived in more than one way

32
Q

what is the government

A

the group of people with the authority to govern a country or state

33
Q

how can governments reduce inequalities

A

public spending
redistribute wealth through taxation
introduce minimum wages and strengthen working regulations

34
Q

how can governments reinforce inequalities

A

investing in some places but not others
impact of infrastructure decisions
impact of fiscal policy e.g. cutting public sector pay

35
Q

what is the largest amount of government spending

A

welfare need - pensions, unemployment benefits (£319 billion)

36
Q

what is the second largest amount of government spending

A

NHS - (£212 billion)

37
Q

what project was launched in 2019

A

the towns fund aiming to invest £3.6 billion into over 100 towns as part of the governments plan to level up

38
Q

which towns were picked during the towns fund in 2019

A

three towns in Norfolk and Waveney with the greatest levels of social deprivation however other towns with high levels of poverty and deprivation were overlooked for more urban areas.

39
Q

what does the government invest in which can improve access to healthcare and education

A

invest in infrastructure - light rail projects which can boost economic growth and support increased employment and income for low income families who rely on public transport to commute.

40
Q

How much did the Elizabeth line and where does it go

A

£19 billion and provides quick travel east-west across London

41
Q

What is wealth redistribution

A

when those with higher earnings pay a higher tax (progressive taxation) and then some of this money goes to support more disadvantaged people

42
Q

in the UK what is the taxation rate

A

up to £13,000/yr : 0%
13,000 - £50,000/yr : 20%
£50,000 - £125,000/yr - 40%
>£125,000/yr - 45%

43
Q

wealth can be redistributed in a range of ways

A

jobseeker’s allowance
free school meals for children from deprived households
disability living allowance
free NHS dental for adults on low income

44
Q

how does the government reinforce inequalities through public spending

A

spending in marginal constituencies to sway voters - left many towns left behind as they weren’t improved

45
Q

how are inequalities reinforced through foreign investment

A

investment is focused on the UK’s 13 largest cities, in 1997 it was 38% but now is 59% - 2018

46
Q

why are more deprived areas overlooked by foreign investment

A

investment tends to be made in areas with transport availability and technological infrastructure - if the government isn’t investing in them they wont be considered for foreign investment.

47
Q

why is healthcare worse in more deprived areas

A

they often have fewer GP’s than those in less deprived areas.

48
Q

What is the patients per GP rate

A

2017: least deprived have 1,896 per GP - most deprived have 2,125 per GP

49
Q

What happened after the Beeching Report in the 1960s

A

5,000 miles of railway were removed and 2,300 stations closed.

50
Q

what happened to the areas most exposed to rail cuts between 1960 and 1980’s

A

they have seen 24% less population growth

Geography - A LEVEL (15 decks)

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