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Geography - A LEVEL > CS - Birmingham > Flashcards

CS - Birmingham Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the population of Birmingham

A

1.2 million people

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2
Q

how populous is Birmingham

A

the 2nd most populous city after London

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3
Q

where is Birmingham located

A

in the West Midlands region of the UK

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4
Q

When did Birmingham grow in size and importance

A

during the industrial revolution of the4 18th - 19th centuries

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5
Q

how many manufactured exports are from Birmingham today

A

around 25% of all manufactured exports originate from Birmingham

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6
Q

when was Birmingham first developed

A

when the de Bermingham family purchased a royal charter in 1166

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7
Q

what is the black country

A

areas of the country where industries caused there to be black smoke and smog

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8
Q

where was Birmingham located near

A

Wolverhampton and Dudley (part of the black smoke) who provided raw materials for industries to grow

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9
Q

which two big companies originated in Birmingham

A

Cadbury’s and Lloyds bank

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10
Q

what infrastructure supported trade in Birmingham

A

road and canal networks and eventually railways.

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11
Q

what happened to Birmingham in WW2

A

it was an industrial powerhouse so it was targeted by bombers - around 5,000 bombs were dropped in Birmingham

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12
Q

what was employment like before economic change

A

still had high employment and manufacturing employment

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13
Q

what did the 1951 census say about Birmingham

A

population of 1.1 million with 95% born in the UK - although ethnicity data wasn’t collected a study suggests that 1% of the population were non white - employment was dominated by males with skilled jobs

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14
Q

what was the major industry in Birmingham

A

car manufacturing

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15
Q

what percentage of UK automotive exports did Birmingham provide

A

40% of automotive exports

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16
Q

which factories in Birmingham had to do with car manufacturing

A

Austin factory (made famous Mini) - employed 22,000
Dunlop tyre factory - employed 10,000

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17
Q

what was the culture like in Birmingham before economic change

A

majority were Christian but the catholic population was growing due to Irish immigration post WW2

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18
Q

what was the music like in Birmingham before economic change

A

1950s rock and roll, jazz and rhythm and blues were all popular music types - following America

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19
Q

what was the housing like before economic change in Birmingham

A

high density terraced housing for people moving to the city to work in factories - 110,000 homes were sub-standard

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20
Q

what happened after the bombing of Birmingham to homes

A

5,000 homes were lost leading to overcrowding for 1/3rd of the population.

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21
Q

how polluted was water in Birmingham

A

there were high levels of industrial waste in canals and waterways to the point that maps were made showing toxic locations

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22
Q

what was a leading factor in the pollution of water (Birmingham)

A

white phosphorous from a factory making Matches

23
Q

what was the air in Birmingham like

A

highly polluted with often blankets of smoke or smog engulfing the city.

24
Q

which network caused Urban sprawl in Birmingham

A

the bus network - as people could live further from Birmingham and still get to work causing Urban Sprawl.

25
Q

what happened between 1960s and 1990s in the UK

A

deindustrialisation

26
Q

what happened in 1973 in the Middle East

A

there were fragile geopolitics resulting in an Arab-Israel war - the USA supported Israel and so the UK followed their lead

27
Q

what happened when the UK supported Israel in the war

A

the OPEC decided to have an embargo (ban) on oil supply to the UK

28
Q

what is OPEC

A

the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries - which were mostly Arab states

29
Q

what did the ban on oil cause in the UK

A

the 1973 oil crisis - prices increased by 10 times - manufacturing relied on cheap energy pries so jobs had to be cut as companies couldn’t keep up with costs.

30
Q

what started to increase for UK car manufacturers

A

competition increased - as foreign car manufactures got better

31
Q

why were foreign cars more popular than UK manufactured cars

A

they were seen as cheaper, more reliable and more efficient e.g. Volkswagen, Toyota, Nissan etc.

32
Q

what happened when British Leyland made people redundant in Birmingham due to high costs and low sales

A

trade unions such as the AEU( amalgamated engineering union) encouraged strikes

33
Q

what unexpected effect did worker strikes have in Birmingham

A

it reduced investors confidence leading to further decline in the car manufacturing industry

34
Q

what did the government do to support low employment areas

A

foreign TNC’s were supported if located in low employment areas:
- Nissan, Sunderland (1986) - shipbuilding declined after WW2
- Honda, Swindon (1985) - railway declined in early 1900
however no TNC’s were attracted to Birmingham

35
Q

what did the Birmingham city council do in 1970s

A

decided to clear slum housing as part of “Comprehensive Redevelopment Programme”

36
Q

what did clearing slums cause in Birmingham

A

means SMEs(small & medium enterprises) were lost which were vital to employment base - were offered new buildings but many couldn’t afford the higher rent so had to close

37
Q

what happened after economic change in Birmingham

A

deindustrialisation occurred causing a decline in population - over 100,000 people left in 50 years

38
Q

what happened when the manufacturing sector declined

A

the service sector increased which fuelled immigration from abroad into Birmingham due to increased opportunities in low skilled jobs.

39
Q

what happened to the population of white people in Birmingham

A

in 1981 it was 84.8% but in 2001 it had dropped to 65.6%

40
Q

where did immigrants tend to move to in Birmingham

A

the inner city (due to cheaper housing) creating spatial variation in demographics of the city that still exist

41
Q

what is the white flight (Birmingham)

A

when white families move out of run down or undesirable areas

42
Q

what happened to the age structure of Birmingham due to immigration

A

immigrants tended to be very young so the age structure is very youthful - 38% under 24 years (UK average of 31%)

43
Q

what was the employment rate in the 1980s in Birmingham

A

unemployment rate was over 20% (UK average - 12%)

44
Q

how many jobs were lost in Birmingham between 1961 & 1971

A

an estimated 50,000 jobs in just 10 years

45
Q

what happened when the manufacturing industry declined in Birmingham

A

some new sectors and businesses had a chance to grow like services industry which from 1981-2005 grew by 46%

46
Q

what happened to culture due to immigration to Birmingham

A

since 2001 - Christianity fell from 59% to 34% - Muslims rose from 4% to 30% - the percentage of no religion also increased.

47
Q

what two buildings in Birmingham were built for religions

A

Smethwick Sikh Temple( built 1961)
Birmingham Central Mosque(1969) - 2nd purpose built mosque in UK

48
Q

what is the Balti triangle in Birmingham

A

an areas in Birmingham famous for its Indian and other ethnic restaurants - Balti curry was invented here

49
Q

what caused social conflict in Birmingham

A

the loss of jobs (especially for white British) and the rise of immigration

50
Q

what two events happened in 1981 - Birmingham

A
  • Far-Right rally in protest of immigration
  • Handsworth riots - where mostly black men protested against the police stop and search powers.
51
Q

what happened to abandoned industrial buildings in Birmingham

A

Argyle Works in Digbeth - was vandalised
Lucas Battery works in Sparkhill - had soil contamination from asbestos till 2013

52
Q

what happened when people got higher incomes in Birmingham

A

they wanted higher quality housing - Birmingham city council built 400 tower blocks - total of 81,000 houses from 1945 to 1970 built on the urban rural fringe

53
Q

what happened when families started to move out of Birmingham to the countryside

A

worries the city would expand to the countryside meant a Greenbelt was formed

54
Q

what happened to land value of houses near the greenbelt

A

the value increased for houses near the green space but close enough to commute to Birmingham e.g. Solihull - one of the most expensive areas in Birmingham

Geography - A LEVEL (15 decks)

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