Social Facilitation Flashcards
What is social facilitation?
Change in behaviour caused by presence of another individual who may or may not be watching
How can social facilitation affect performance?
Improve on simple/well-rehearsed tasks
Worse on complex tasks
What is the audience effect?
Give an example of research looking at audience effect
Change in behaviour when being observed (or belief you are being observed)
Worringham and Messick 1983 - Runner speed increase when watched
What is the co-action effect?
Give an example of research looking at it
Change in behaviour when 2 or more people working on same task - as opponent or team mate
Triplett 1898 saw cycling performance improve
What is home advantage?
Home teams generally tend to perform better - 60% of matches won by home team
What did Carmichael and Thomas (2005) find about home advantage in football?
More effective attacking play
More accurate shooting
What did Bray 1999 find about home advantage in NFL?
Teams win 17.5% more matches at home
What did Hoffman et al. 2005 find about home advantage?
Decreases over the course of a season
What is the impact of home advantage in critical games? Who found this?
Become a disadvantage - McEwan 2019
Due to added pressure - Baumeister and Steinhilber 1984
Supportive audience can cause overcautious - Wallace, Baumeister and Vohs 2005
What is the impact of travel on performance?
Home advantage increase by 20% for each time zone crossed (Goumas 2013)
Travel fatigue may be more important if travelling east - Recht, Lew and Stewart 1995
What is the relationship between crowd noise and home advantage?
As crowd noise increases, it changes the way officials behave
Found that more discretionary decisions were made that favour the home team and harsher punishments were given to the away team
Nevill et al 2002, Unkelbach & Memmert 2010
How does audience participation impact performance?
Crowd size and density is the most important thing
Booing, fighting and cheering all impact home advantage
Verbal harassment of a player impairs completion of complex tasks - Thirer and Rampey 1979
What does the activation theory state?
Presence of others serves as a source of arousal
There is an increase in self report and electrodermal arousal - Mullen et al. 1997
Why is there an increase in arousal and self report with presence of other members?
Increased social monitoring, evaluation apprehension and attentional conflict
What is Yerkes-Dodson’s Law?
Performance Increase with physiological/mental arousal upto a point. After this it is detrimental
What is the evaluation apprehension theory and who first described it?
Cottrell 1968
Fear of being evaluated increases arousal
More expert the audience, higher level of perceived evaluation and more performances is impaired
What is the attention approach theory split into?
distraction-conflict hypothesis
Overload hypothesis
Feedback loop model
What is the distraction conflict hypothesis?
Level of performance on a task is predicted by distraction from environment. Distraction lead to arousal
What is the overload hypothesis?
Distractions cause cognitive overload not increase in arousal
What is the feedback loop model?
If feel observed, focus on self and become aware of differences between actual and anticipated behaviour
What is self-presentation?
Process by which people monitor and control how they are perceived - Schlenker 1980
What are the factors that impact self presentation?
Impression management - desire to create certain impression as influenced by trait and situation
Impression construction - how individual decide which images to create and how
What is the “self”?
Source of consciousness - responsible for thoughts and actions
Cognitive and affective representation of ones identity
What are the domains of self and standpoints you can view self?
Domains - actual, ideal, ought
Standpoints - self, other
