Interpersonal Communication and Conflict Flashcards
What does non-verbal communication comprise of?
Appearance - 1st impression Posture Gestures Body Position Touching Facial Expression Voice Characteristics
What are the types of communication?
Intrapersonal - internal dialogue
Interpersonal - involve at least 2 people and meaningful exchange
In theory, why may there be misinterpretation in communication?
Lots of noise from both the senders and receivers end
What must happen for communication to be effective?
Sent correctly
Interpreted correctly
Must have context
What comprises of listening?
Attending to main and support ideas presented by speaker - respond and give appropriate feedback to this
Be attentive to non-verbal cues
Often see paraphrasing - so you mean …
How can you supportively listen?
Describe others behaviour (dont add opinion) Focus on immediate thoughts and feelings Dont calculate/manipulate Open-ended q's Empathic Remain open to new ideas
Why is supportive listening important?
Reduces chance of misinterpretation
What are some of the main barriers to effective communication?
Not paying attention Evaluate/judge communication Lack of trust Socialisation and hereditary differences Difference in mental state Embarrassment Tend to tell people what they want to hear Silence is safer Difficulty in expression Inconsistency between words and actions
What are the two theoretical frameworks for communication?
Constructivism
Relational Dialects
Outline the key principles of constructivism
People make sense of the world through personal constructs that they develop through socialisation (experiences)
More social constructs they have, more advanced their ability to empathise and communicate
Outline the key principles of relational dialects
Dialect is a tension between 2 contradictory forces within a communication e.g. decision on how to train
This “tug of war” is a model for the communication in a disagreement
No steady state as forces constantly change over time
Define conflict (Barki & Hartwick, 2004)
Conflict is a dynamic process that occurs between interdependent parties as they experience NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL REACTIONS to perceived DISAGREEMENTS and as such INTERFERENCE WITH ATTAINMENT OF THEIR GOALS
How is communication within a sports team characterised? (Sullivan&Feltz, 2003)
Acceptance - consider and appreciate team mate opinions
Distinctiveness - Shared but unique identity (same goal but different opinion)
Conflict - positive (disagreement lead to discussion, problem solving and development of strategy to improve) and negative (emotional, personal and confrontational)
What are the types of conflict?
Performance - Task and Process
Relationship
What are the performance conflicts?
Task - conflict in relation to content of task e.g. strategy
Process - conflict in execution of task - e.g. bad pass
These can easily be positive conflicts
What are relationship conflicts?
Interpersonal disagreements during interactions
They are difficult to resolve and have a strong negative impact on performance
They distract individuals from the task
What did Paradis et al. show about athlete perception of conflict?
It is a disagreement on one topic
Conflict is more intense, the emotional connection in conflict is much greater
What are the key components that define conflict?
1 - cognitive - disagreement
2 - behavioural - interfere with goal attainment
3 - affective - negative emotion
What is the competence based model of interpersonal conflict? See notes
A conflict episode results in episodic assessments by each team member. They employ conflict management strategies which will lead to interpersonal and relational outcomes. The better the conflict management strategy, the better the outcome. The outcomes feedback for future conflict, making it more or less likely depending on quality of resolution
What is the contingency approach of conflict management?
Strategy to minimise dysfunction.
Must balance concern for self needs and others needs
High SN and ON - integrating approach to resolution High SN, Low ON - Dominating approach Low SN, high ON - Obliging approach Low SN and ON - avoiding approach Intermediate SN/ON - compromise
How is communication linked with conflict?
Can create conflict - miscommunication
Reflects conflict - communicate differently when in conflict
Required to manage conflict - productive or destructive
Why is conflict management key in coach athlete relationships?
If poorly resolved, negative predictor of commitment to one another
Use of proactive methods - increase complementarity (Rhind and Jowett)
How can conflict be managed in a coach athlete relationship?
Use compass model
Proactive and reactive management strategies - best to have proactive and avoid:
- facilitate good quality communication
- Engage in prevention strategies - self regulation (control emotions), empathy, communicate expectations and potential problems
What is the impact of effective instructor behaviour and avoidance of aggressive communication on athletes?
Increase affective learning
Positive sport experiences
What is the role of intra-team communication on cohesion?
Partially explain relationship between transformational leadership and task cohesion
How is conflict associated with cohesion?
Positive conflict positively associated with team cohesion
Negative conflict negatively associated with 3 factors of group cohesion
What is relational expertise?
The capacity to create good connections and affect the well being of others in a positive way
What are the components of relational expertise? (KEY WILL BE IN EXAM)
Engagement
Empowerment
Authenticity
Conflict and difference
What does engagement refer to with regard to relational expertise?
Quality of involvement of coach and athlete
What does empowerment refer to with regard to relational expertise?
Experience of feeling strengthened and encouraged
What does authenticity refer to with regard to relational expertise?
Being true to ones self
What do conflict and difference refer to with regard to relational expertise?
Process of expressing and working through differences
What is the COMPASS model of conflict management by Rhind and Jowett?
Conflict Management Openness Motivational Preventative Assurance Support Social Networks
