Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

History > Social developments, 1917-85 > Flashcards

Social developments, 1917-85 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards World History 101 flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards
1
Q

What did Lenin legalise?

A
  • abortion
  • homosexual and trangender activity (still socially persecuted but not legally)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did the internal passport system introduced in the 1930s restrict?

A

the free movement of labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What caused thousands of LGBT people to be sent to the gulags?

A

Stalin recriminalised homosexual activity, which remained illegal until 1993

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stalin’s view on family and marriage?

A
  • restricted divorce
  • banned abortion
  • discouraged sexual freedom, propaganda promoted abstinence from sex outside marriage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Khrushchev’s 3 main legal reforms?

A
  • encouraged ‘comrade courts’ a.k.a local courts
  • law on parasitism punished those out of work for 5 years
  • re-introduced the death penalty for serious economic crimes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was rationed by Prodraspred during War communism?

A

food and fuel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How much did the Urban popoulation fall by during the civil war and why?

A

25%
Workers didn’t get enough rations so went to search for food in the countryside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What percentage of the urban workforce were unemployed by 1924 due to the introduction of the NEP?

A

18%

  • soldiers had been demobilised, free creches were shut down meaning women found it harder to work, and workers were sacked to make industry more efficient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were 9 million urban workers entitled to under the benefit system in the 1920s, administered by trade unions?

A

social insurance - disability benefits, maternity benefits, unemployment benefits and medical benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who reintroduced compulsory work?

A

Stalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

From what year were vaccines for common diseases made available?

A

1947

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who weren’t entitled to rations under Stalin?

A

Peasants - rations were reserved for urban workers but still often were made with rotten food etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What caused issues in both factories and farms for workers?

A

Poor sanitation occasionally led to outbreaks of dysentery and vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Successful housing experiment under Stalin?

A

Narkomfin Apartment House in Moscow, however it was expensive and therefore rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where did factory workers live in the new factory towns such as Magnitogorsk?

A

Barracks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Example of a housing problem for urban labourers under Stalin?

A

dormitories at the Moscow Coal Fields were short nearly 10,000 beds for the workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Increase in healthcare spending under Khrushchev?

A

Doubled spending on healthcare between 1950-1959

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How much did Khrushchev increase the pensions budget by 1950-1965?

A

Quadrupled the pensions budget

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What social welfare did Khrushchev introduce?

A
  • free lunches for schools, offices, factories
  • free public transport
  • free pensions and healthcare for farmers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Effect of Khrushchev’s increased spending on welfare?

A

death rate fell from 9.7 to 7.3 (1950-65)
infant mortality fell from 81 to 27 per 1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How did housing improve under Khrushchev?

A

Khrushchyovka allowed families to have their own space with running water and central heating, compared to the Kommunalka under Stalin where families often had to live in 1 room

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sign of the success of Khrushchyovka?

A

continued to be standard design through till the 80s despite initially being intended to be a temporary measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many Khrushchyovka blocks were built?

A

nearly 13,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many people acquired housing through a Khrushchyovka?

A

nearly 55 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How long did it take to build a K-7 block?

A

average 12 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How were Khrushyovka built?

A

with prefabricated concrete panels and standardised windows and doors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What was guaranteed to citizens under Brezhnev’s ‘social contract’?

A
  • job security
  • low price of essentials
  • 2nd economy without gov. interference
  • social benefits
  • social mobility opportunities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What did Brezhnev include social welfare provision to include?

A

subsidized rent, electric and water facilities (close to free) , subsidised holidays and an increase in spending on pensions and healthcare each year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What did life expectancy for men drop by in the 1970s?

A

from 68 to 64

the likely cause was alcoholism - since healthcare provision was increasing

30
Q

Did Brezhnev’s ‘social contract’ increase stability?

A

YES

31
Q

What was Zhenotdel?

A

the women’s department of the Communist Party, developed soon after the revolution, which promoted women fulfilling their ‘natural, nurturing role’

32
Q

What percentage of urban men were estimated to use prostitutes in the 1920’s?

A

39%

33
Q

Why were women increasingly out of work during the NEP?

A
  • creches were closed
  • women were sacked instead of men to make room for men
34
Q

How many women joined the labour force by 1940?

A

nearly 10 million (300% increase)

35
Q

Average wage gap for women during the five year plans?

A

they made around 60-65% of a man’s wages

36
Q

Issue for working women?

A

Physical and verbal abuse in factories
Unable to get promotions
- generally restricted to low-skilled work such as textile production

37
Q

What percentage of industrial jobs did women get in the 1960s?

A

45%

38
Q

Which fields did women dominate by 1985?

A
  • 70% of medical doctors
  • 75% university employees
  • 65% of those in arts and cultures

the pay in these fields was ‘feminised’ however

39
Q

What type of work opened up to women in the 1960s?

A

clerical and administrative work especially in healthcare and education

40
Q

What was the ‘triple shift’ for women in agriculture?

A

household chores, farm labour and often supplementary income through handicrafts

41
Q

How many women were recruited for the Virgin Lands Scheme in August 1958 and how many actually found well-paid professional jobs?

A

64,000 recruited
less than 450 of these succeeded

42
Q

What percentage of the lowest-paid farmers were women by 1970?

A

72%

43
Q

By 1980 how do the statistics of teachers in rural schools compare with that of farm managers?

A

women were 80% of teachers but only 2% of farm managers

44
Q

What experiments of Lenin’s government regarding the family as a social unit were abandoned by the 1920s?

A

experiments with communal living and free love

45
Q

What reforms were suggested by Zhenotdel and instituted by Lenin? (5)

A
  • abortion on demand
  • contraception
  • accessible divorce
  • legalisation of prostitution
  • legalisation of male homosexuality
46
Q

What did Trotsky label as the ‘great retreat’?

A

Stalin’s family policy which was much more conservative

47
Q

Stalin’s changes to family policy, with the goal of creating stable families which would benefit economic development? (6)

A
  • abortion criminalised (unless danger to life)
  • banned contraception
  • criminalised male homosexuality and lesbians subject to hypnotherapy
  • extra or pre-marital sex stigmatised in propaganda
  • divorce more expensive and harder to get
  • father’s had to pay 1/3 income to child support after divorce
48
Q

Khrushchev’s policies aimed to help liberate women?

A
  • legalised abortion 1955
  • increased paid maternity leave by around 50 days to 112 days 1956
  • expanded creche, child-care facilities and communal laundries
  • introduced convenience food and mass-produced clothing to end the ‘double shift’
  • aimed to make fridges more widely available to prevent daily shopping trips
49
Q

Despite Khrushchev’s policies to help women, what issues continued?

A
  • contraception hard to get
  • creches opened late and closed early so full work days still impossible for mothers
  • domestic appliances were either less helpful than anticipated or not widely available
50
Q

When was a new law liberalising divorce introduced under Brezhnev?

A

1965

51
Q

What fraction of soviet marriages ended in divorce by 1979?

A

1/3

52
Q

Propaganda campaigns against working mothers under Brezhnev?

A
  • suggested they were responsible for juvenile delinquency, rising crime, drug use, alcoholism and broken families
53
Q

Who introduced literacy classes to the Red Army and what did it do?

A

Trotsky
- increased literacy in the army from 50 to 100% by 1925

54
Q

Who introduced reading rooms which offered 6 week reading classes (under lenin)

A

Lunacharsky

55
Q

What percentage of the Soviet population could read in 1917?

A

32%

56
Q

What did literacy rates grow to in 1928?

A

55%

57
Q

What groups worked with the government to establish libraries and literacy classes?

A

Trade unions - e.g the transport workers union reached 99% literacy by 1927

58
Q

What percentage of citizens were literate by 1939?

A

94%

59
Q

How did Stalin go about literacy campaigns?

A

under the 1st five year plan ‘cultural soldiers’ were sent to fight illiteracy in the countryside. They were successful but 40% were assaulted as they were associated too strongly with the government

60
Q

When was the Young Pioneers group established? what was the age range?

A

1922 for ages 10-15

61
Q

What youth group was introduced in 1918 for those aged 16-28?

A

Komsomol

62
Q

What were Komsomol and young pioneers members expected to do in the 1930s?

A

report criminal activity of parents

63
Q

Khrushchev’s attitude to Komsomol?

A

hoped they would hold factory managers and part officials to account

64
Q

Brezhnev’s attitude to Komsomol?

A

suspicious towards them, viewing the leadership as ambitious therefore threatening. He wanted the group to be disciplines and emphasise values of hard work and respecting the government

65
Q

When were primary school fees abolished?

A

1927

66
Q

What percentage of Soviet children attended primary school by 1928?

A

60%

67
Q

What percentage of 15-17 yr olds completed their secondary education by 1953?

A

around 20%

68
Q

What percentage of children ages 8-12 received 4 years of primary education?

A

nearly 100%

69
Q

Increase in university education between 1927 and 1953?

A

100,000 - 1.5 million

70
Q

Who were favoured under the secondary and uni education systems?

A

communist officials children - the communist party and trade unions offered scholarships and grants but kids of nomenklatura were favoured

71
Q

Khrushchev’s reforms to education? (7)

A
  • merging small country schools
  • doubling number of schools in towns and cities
  • reduced class sizes
  • investment in teacher training and recruitment
  • moved curriculum towards vocational training
  • ended the right for headteachers to expel students
  • replaced exams with continuous assessment
72
Q

Education after Khrushchev?

A
  • senior communists felt that reforms undermined the academic excellence of the soviet system
  • traditional curriculum reinstated
  • vocational training of 16-19yr olds on farms and factories ended

History (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions