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History > Social developments, 1917-85 > Flashcards

Social developments, 1917-85 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Lenin legalise?

A
  • abortion
  • homosexual and trangender activity (still socially persecuted but not legally)
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2
Q

What did the internal passport system introduced in the 1930s restrict?

A

the free movement of labour

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3
Q

What caused thousands of LGBT people to be sent to the gulags?

A

Stalin recriminalised homosexual activity, which remained illegal until 1993

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4
Q

Stalin’s view on family and marriage?

A
  • restricted divorce
  • banned abortion
  • discouraged sexual freedom, propaganda promoted abstinence from sex outside marriage
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5
Q

Khrushchev’s 3 main legal reforms?

A
  • encouraged ‘comrade courts’ a.k.a local courts
  • law on parasitism punished those out of work for 5 years
  • re-introduced the death penalty for serious economic crimes
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6
Q

What was rationed by Prodraspred during War communism?

A

food and fuel

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7
Q

How much did the Urban popoulation fall by during the civil war and why?

A

25%
Workers didn’t get enough rations so went to search for food in the countryside

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8
Q

What percentage of the urban workforce were unemployed by 1924 due to the introduction of the NEP?

A

18%

  • soldiers had been demobilised, free creches were shut down meaning women found it harder to work, and workers were sacked to make industry more efficient
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9
Q

What were 9 million urban workers entitled to under the benefit system in the 1920s, administered by trade unions?

A

social insurance - disability benefits, maternity benefits, unemployment benefits and medical benefits

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10
Q

Who reintroduced compulsory work?

A

Stalin

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11
Q

From what year were vaccines for common diseases made available?

A

1947

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12
Q

Who weren’t entitled to rations under Stalin?

A

Peasants - rations were reserved for urban workers but still often were made with rotten food etc.

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13
Q

What caused issues in both factories and farms for workers?

A

Poor sanitation occasionally led to outbreaks of dysentery and vomiting

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14
Q

Successful housing experiment under Stalin?

A

Narkomfin Apartment House in Moscow, however it was expensive and therefore rare

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15
Q

Where did factory workers live in the new factory towns such as Magnitogorsk?

A

Barracks

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16
Q

Example of a housing problem for urban labourers under Stalin?

A

dormitories at the Moscow Coal Fields were short nearly 10,000 beds for the workers

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17
Q

Increase in healthcare spending under Khrushchev?

A

Doubled spending on healthcare between 1950-1959

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18
Q

How much did Khrushchev increase the pensions budget by 1950-1965?

A

Quadrupled the pensions budget

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19
Q

What social welfare did Khrushchev introduce?

A
  • free lunches for schools, offices, factories
  • free public transport
  • free pensions and healthcare for farmers
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20
Q

Effect of Khrushchev’s increased spending on welfare?

A

death rate fell from 9.7 to 7.3 (1950-65)
infant mortality fell from 81 to 27 per 1000

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21
Q

How did housing improve under Khrushchev?

A

Khrushchyovka allowed families to have their own space with running water and central heating, compared to the Kommunalka under Stalin where families often had to live in 1 room

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22
Q

Sign of the success of Khrushchyovka?

A

continued to be standard design through till the 80s despite initially being intended to be a temporary measure

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23
Q

How many Khrushchyovka blocks were built?

A

nearly 13,000

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24
Q

How many people acquired housing through a Khrushchyovka?

A

nearly 55 million

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25
Q

How long did it take to build a K-7 block?

A

average 12 days

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26
Q

How were Khrushyovka built?

A

with prefabricated concrete panels and standardised windows and doors

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27
Q

What was guaranteed to citizens under Brezhnev’s ‘social contract’?

A
  • job security
  • low price of essentials
  • 2nd economy without gov. interference
  • social benefits
  • social mobility opportunities
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28
Q

What did Brezhnev include social welfare provision to include?

A

subsidized rent, electric and water facilities (close to free) , subsidised holidays and an increase in spending on pensions and healthcare each year

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29
Q

What did life expectancy for men drop by in the 1970s?

A

from 68 to 64

the likely cause was alcoholism - since healthcare provision was increasing

30
Q

Did Brezhnev’s ‘social contract’ increase stability?

A

YES

31
Q

What was Zhenotdel?

A

the women’s department of the Communist Party, developed soon after the revolution, which promoted women fulfilling their ‘natural, nurturing role’

32
Q

What percentage of urban men were estimated to use prostitutes in the 1920’s?

A

39%

33
Q

Why were women increasingly out of work during the NEP?

A
  • creches were closed
  • women were sacked instead of men to make room for men
34
Q

How many women joined the labour force by 1940?

A

nearly 10 million (300% increase)

35
Q

Average wage gap for women during the five year plans?

A

they made around 60-65% of a man’s wages

36
Q

Issue for working women?

A

Physical and verbal abuse in factories
Unable to get promotions
- generally restricted to low-skilled work such as textile production

37
Q

What percentage of industrial jobs did women get in the 1960s?

A

45%

38
Q

Which fields did women dominate by 1985?

A
  • 70% of medical doctors
  • 75% university employees
  • 65% of those in arts and cultures

the pay in these fields was ‘feminised’ however

39
Q

What type of work opened up to women in the 1960s?

A

clerical and administrative work especially in healthcare and education

40
Q

What was the ‘triple shift’ for women in agriculture?

A

household chores, farm labour and often supplementary income through handicrafts

41
Q

How many women were recruited for the Virgin Lands Scheme in August 1958 and how many actually found well-paid professional jobs?

A

64,000 recruited
less than 450 of these succeeded

42
Q

What percentage of the lowest-paid farmers were women by 1970?

A

72%

43
Q

By 1980 how do the statistics of teachers in rural schools compare with that of farm managers?

A

women were 80% of teachers but only 2% of farm managers

44
Q

What experiments of Lenin’s government regarding the family as a social unit were abandoned by the 1920s?

A

experiments with communal living and free love

45
Q

What reforms were suggested by Zhenotdel and instituted by Lenin? (5)

A
  • abortion on demand
  • contraception
  • accessible divorce
  • legalisation of prostitution
  • legalisation of male homosexuality
46
Q

What did Trotsky label as the ‘great retreat’?

A

Stalin’s family policy which was much more conservative

47
Q

Stalin’s changes to family policy, with the goal of creating stable families which would benefit economic development? (6)

A
  • abortion criminalised (unless danger to life)
  • banned contraception
  • criminalised male homosexuality and lesbians subject to hypnotherapy
  • extra or pre-marital sex stigmatised in propaganda
  • divorce more expensive and harder to get
  • father’s had to pay 1/3 income to child support after divorce
48
Q

Khrushchev’s policies aimed to help liberate women?

A
  • legalised abortion 1955
  • increased paid maternity leave by around 50 days to 112 days 1956
  • expanded creche, child-care facilities and communal laundries
  • introduced convenience food and mass-produced clothing to end the ‘double shift’
  • aimed to make fridges more widely available to prevent daily shopping trips
49
Q

Despite Khrushchev’s policies to help women, what issues continued?

A
  • contraception hard to get
  • creches opened late and closed early so full work days still impossible for mothers
  • domestic appliances were either less helpful than anticipated or not widely available
50
Q

When was a new law liberalising divorce introduced under Brezhnev?

A

1965

51
Q

What fraction of soviet marriages ended in divorce by 1979?

A

1/3

52
Q

Propaganda campaigns against working mothers under Brezhnev?

A
  • suggested they were responsible for juvenile delinquency, rising crime, drug use, alcoholism and broken families
53
Q

Who introduced literacy classes to the Red Army and what did it do?

A

Trotsky
- increased literacy in the army from 50 to 100% by 1925

54
Q

Who introduced reading rooms which offered 6 week reading classes (under lenin)

A

Lunacharsky

55
Q

What percentage of the Soviet population could read in 1917?

A

32%

56
Q

What did literacy rates grow to in 1928?

A

55%

57
Q

What groups worked with the government to establish libraries and literacy classes?

A

Trade unions - e.g the transport workers union reached 99% literacy by 1927

58
Q

What percentage of citizens were literate by 1939?

A

94%

59
Q

How did Stalin go about literacy campaigns?

A

under the 1st five year plan ‘cultural soldiers’ were sent to fight illiteracy in the countryside. They were successful but 40% were assaulted as they were associated too strongly with the government

60
Q

When was the Young Pioneers group established? what was the age range?

A

1922 for ages 10-15

61
Q

What youth group was introduced in 1918 for those aged 16-28?

A

Komsomol

62
Q

What were Komsomol and young pioneers members expected to do in the 1930s?

A

report criminal activity of parents

63
Q

Khrushchev’s attitude to Komsomol?

A

hoped they would hold factory managers and part officials to account

64
Q

Brezhnev’s attitude to Komsomol?

A

suspicious towards them, viewing the leadership as ambitious therefore threatening. He wanted the group to be disciplines and emphasise values of hard work and respecting the government

65
Q

When were primary school fees abolished?

A

1927

66
Q

What percentage of Soviet children attended primary school by 1928?

A

60%

67
Q

What percentage of 15-17 yr olds completed their secondary education by 1953?

A

around 20%

68
Q

What percentage of children ages 8-12 received 4 years of primary education?

A

nearly 100%

69
Q

Increase in university education between 1927 and 1953?

A

100,000 - 1.5 million

70
Q

Who were favoured under the secondary and uni education systems?

A

communist officials children - the communist party and trade unions offered scholarships and grants but kids of nomenklatura were favoured

71
Q

Khrushchev’s reforms to education? (7)

A
  • merging small country schools
  • doubling number of schools in towns and cities
  • reduced class sizes
  • investment in teacher training and recruitment
  • moved curriculum towards vocational training
  • ended the right for headteachers to expel students
  • replaced exams with continuous assessment
72
Q

Education after Khrushchev?

A
  • senior communists felt that reforms undermined the academic excellence of the soviet system
  • traditional curriculum reinstated
  • vocational training of 16-19yr olds on farms and factories ended

History (15 decks)

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