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History > Control of the people, 1917-85 > Flashcards

Control of the people, 1917-85 Flashcards

1
Q

What did the Decree on the Press of 1917 do?

A

Allowed the government to close any paper deemed ‘counter-revolutionary’

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2
Q

What did the Revolutionary Tribunal of the Press 1918 do?

A

gave the state the power of censorship. The Cheka could punish any journalists or editors committing ‘crimes against the people’

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3
Q

What agency gave the state control of advertising and news reporting in 1918?

A

ROSTA
(All-Russia Telegraph Agency)

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4
Q

What did Glavlit do, introduced in 1922?

A

examined all books for anti-communist ideas

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5
Q

What agency produced cartoon films supporting the revolution?

A

ROSTA

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6
Q

What state publishing organisation controlled what could be released after 1919?

A

Gosizdat

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7
Q

What art movement was suppressed by early Bolsheviks?

A

Russian Surrealism

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8
Q

Radical artist Gustav Klutsis used as propaganda by Lenin:

A
  • used photomontage to promote electrification
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9
Q

Radical artist El Lissitzky used as propaganda by Lenin:

A
  • ‘beat the whites with the red wedge’ poster using abstract techniques
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10
Q

When was a film re-enacting the storming of the winter palace made?

A

1920

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11
Q

What did Stalin impose on all artistic mediums with the ‘decree on the reformation of literary-artistic organisations’ 1932?

A

‘Socialist realism’
- focus on partynost, narodost, ideinost

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12
Q

After 1928, what information did Glavlit keep controlled?

A

economic data

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13
Q

How did Khrushchev begin to relax media? (3)

A
  • allowed letters to be written into popular magazines discussing real, non-political subjects
  • allowed satirical cartoons - e.g Krokodil
  • relaxed censorship
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14
Q

Media under Brezhnev concentrated on…?

A
  • ww2 nostalgia
  • modern, fashionable people to increase public desire for consumer goods
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15
Q

How was Stalin presented in his personality cult? (4)

A
  • built cult of lenin, which was manipulated to own gain
  • visionary, altered his role in revolution
  • ‘vozhd’
  • ‘Generalissimo’ during war
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16
Q

Personality cult of Khrushchev? (5)

A
  • criticised Stalin’s cult of personality and dropped images of him from media
  • presented as a disciple of Lenin
  • shown as responsible for the Space Programme and Virgin Lands Scheme
  • presented as an authority on many subjects
  • presented as hero of WW2
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17
Q

Did Khrushchev’s propaganda have a large impact?

A

It was not prominent enough to undermine his obvious failings

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18
Q

Personality cult of Brezhnev?

A
  • stopped referencing Khrushchev or Stalin
  • presented as a Leninist
  • presented as a military hero
  • presented as a man of the people - whose career began in the steel industry
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19
Q

Did Brezhnev’s propaganda have a large impact?

A

No - it was laughable as was clearly false, he was a privileged bureaucrat not a great revolutionary or hero

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20
Q

How did Lenin deal with religion?

A
  • Decree on Land allowed church land to be redistributed
  • The Orthodox Church had its privileges stripped in 1918
  • the Cheka murdered the Archpriest in Nov 1917
  • the Cheka killed priests in Moscow in Jan 1918 after a church decree excommunicated Bolsheviks
  • the Living Church
  • funded Islamic schools, though initially backed attacks on Islamic property this was reversed
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21
Q

The Living Church summarised?

A
  • est. 1921, approved by Lenin
  • removed the traditional church leaders
  • was made as a rival to the Orthodox church, but was seen as a sell out and quickly lost popularity
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22
Q

Religion under Stalin (before and after war):

A
  • initially churches were closed and turned into grain stores
  • Islamic groups were targeted during the terror e.g Sufi’s in Turkestan 1936
  • allied with the church during WW2, 414 churches reopened and church leaders supported the war effort
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23
Q

Khrushchev and religion?

A
  • believed there was no place for religion
  • in 1958 Khrushchev re-introduced anti-religious propaganda, put convents under surveillance and refused access to holy sites
  • the Space Programme was used as anti-religious propaganda and evidence there was no god. The first man and woman in space both made atheist statements on their return
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24
Q

Brezhnev and religion?

A
  • believed a scientific education would stop children believing in god, therefore cancelled Khrushchev’s anti-religious campaigns
  • started supporting anti-American Islamic groups in the Middle East and changed the party’s stance on Islam instead saying it was progressive and revolutionary
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25
Q

When did Lenin establish the Cheka?

A

December 1917

26
Q

How many ‘class enemies’ are estimated to have been killed by the Cheka by 1922?

A

est. 200,000 during the ‘Red Terror’

27
Q

When was the NKVD formed and who was in charge?

A

July 1934 - Yagoda in charge

28
Q

4 roles of the NKVD?

A
  • military police
  • oversaw important building projects
  • controlled around 10 million prisoners in camps
  • key part of the purges
29
Q

When was Yagoda replaced by Yezhov as head of the NKVD?

A

1936

30
Q

When was Yezhov replaced by Beria as head of the NKVD?

A

1939

31
Q

Who was assassinated in Leningrad in 1934?

A

Kirov - head of the Communist Party

32
Q

What percentage of the population were arrested between 1936-38?

A

10%

33
Q

How many people were deported between 1936-38 under Yezhov?

A

635,000

34
Q

How many people were executed between 1936-38 under Yezhov?

A

680,000

35
Q

Key opponents of Stalin removed in Show Trials?

A

Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin, Trotsky

36
Q

Who did Stalin blame for the purges?

A

The heads of the secret police - leading to Yezhov’s execution in 1940

37
Q

By Stalin’s death how many were estimated to be deported and executed?

A

up to 30 million deported
up to 20 million executed

38
Q

When was the KGB formed?

A

1954

39
Q

Two opponents of Khrushchev that he demoted away from Moscow?

A

Malenkov and Molotov

40
Q

Two events the KGB had a role in crushing?

A

Hungarian Revolution 1956
Prague Spring 1968

41
Q

Brezhnev restored the role of the KGB to its traditional activities. What were these?

A
  • harsh suppression
  • house searches
  • monitoring of suspects
42
Q

Who was KGB chairman in 1967?

A

Yuri Andropov

43
Q

What was the Fifth Directorate introduced in 1967?

A

A way to better allow for the monitoring of potential dissidents.

44
Q

When were many leaders of the Secret police purged?

A

After the 20th party congress 1953

45
Q

Did the KGB function differently under Khrushchev?

A

No it was practically the same as the NKVD - it still oversaw the Gulags and functioned the same as in the past

46
Q

How many labour camps and how many inmates by Lenin’s death?

A

315 camps
70,000 inmates

47
Q

How did the KGB change under Andropov?

A

more sophisticated tactics against dissidents

48
Q

How many ‘formal warnings’ were issued against those considered to be dangerous from the KGB under Andropov?

A

around 70,000

49
Q

How many dissident artists were allowed to emigrate under Andropov’s KGB?

A

100,000

50
Q

What did Andropov fail to suppress? (2)

A
  • Samizdat magazines which were self-published and contained literature and poetry
  • dissident artists who were known to the west such as Solzhenitsyn who remained free
51
Q

Social malaise under Andropov 1982-5?

A
  • alcoholism
  • avoiding military service
  • falling birth rate
  • poor labour discipline
52
Q

What novel was given as the exemplar for socialist realism under Stalin?

A

Gladkov’s ‘Cement’ published 1924

53
Q

Example of avant-garde artists collaborating with Lenin’s government?

A

Rodchenko’s photomontage posters

54
Q

Who established proletkult and when?

A

People’s Commissar of Enlightenment Lunacharsky

1917

55
Q

How many new studios were established by Proletkult?

A

300

56
Q

When was Proletkult absorbed into the Commissariat for Education?

A

October 1920

57
Q

How many death warrants did Stalin personally sign?

A

44,000

58
Q

What epitomised the fact that Brezhnev was reversing Khrushchev’s cultural thaws?

A

The 1964 Sinyavsky-Daniel trial of two authors that had risen to fame under Khrushchev - both being sent to labour camps

59
Q

What samizdat group published literature emphasising how dull life was in the USSR in the 70’s?

A

the Moscow Conceptualists

60
Q

Who were ‘stilyaga’ and why did Khrushchev target them?

A

Women wearing western style. Highlights continued misogyny in the period as well anti-Western views

61
Q

‘popular oversight’ campaign?

A

Poster campaign under Khrushchev promoting awareness of “non-conformist” behaviours (alcoholism, laziness etc.) and promoting challenging these begaviours

History (15 decks)

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