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History > Aspects in Breadth p.3 > Flashcards

Aspects in Breadth p.3 Flashcards

Changes in organising the military, and changes in weaponry and the role of the people c.1790-1918

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1
Q

When was the McNeill-Tulloch Report?

A

1855

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2
Q

What were the Duke of York’s main reforms?

A
  • ended the worst excesses of the purchase system
  • established a military college to improve the professionalism of the future Officer class
  • created light infantry regiments
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3
Q

When did the Duke of York reform the army and why?

A

Between 1795-1815, due to the Army’s poor performance in 1793-4

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4
Q

What did the McNeill-Tulloch Report criticise?

A

The army’s high command and the Commissariat Officers

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5
Q

In what year was the Commissariat reformed (due to the McNeill-Tulloch Report)?

A

1858

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6
Q

When were Cardwell’s Army Reforms?

A

1868-1874

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7
Q

What was Cardwell’s government role from 1868-74?

A

Secretary of State for War

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8
Q

What two events had shown that the army was inefficient before Cardwell’s reforms?

A

The Crimean War 1853-6
The Indian Mutiny 1857

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9
Q

What were 3 of Cardwell’s reforms?

A
  • shorter enlistments (of 6 years, then joined reserves)
  • abolished the system of purchasing commissions
  • split the country into 66 districts each providing 1 territorial and 1 overseas battalions, as well as 2 militia battalions
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10
Q

What were the effects of Cardwell’s 3 main reforms?

A
  • army lost more men than it gained through shorter enlistments, army still not a desirable job due to poor pay and flogging
  • Officer corps kept the same social composition despite ending of commission purchase
  • the constant need for men overseas pressured the battalions at home
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11
Q

When did Haldane’s reforms take place?

A

1905-1912

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12
Q

What war prompted demands for reform before Haldane?

A

the Boer War

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13
Q

What country was seen as a potential threat by around 1905?

A

Germany

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14
Q

How many men were in Haldane’s expeditionary force?

A

150,000

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15
Q

What was Haldane’s territorial force to be made up of?

A

Volunteers, militia and yeomanry

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16
Q

How many men joined the territorial force by 1913, after it was launched in 1907?

A

over 200,000

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17
Q

What did Haldane reorganise into Officer Training Corps?

A

Existing military corps in schools and universities

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18
Q

How many men were enrolled in Haldane’s OTCs (Officer Training Corps) by 1914?

A

20,000 schoolboys
5000 undergraduates

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19
Q

What impact did Haldane’s reforms have?

A

In 1914 the BEF mobilised quickly and performed well in the first part of the war

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19
Q

By mid-1914 how many divisions prepared for war did Britain have - compared to Germany and France?

A

Britain had 6 divisions prepared
Germany had 84
France had 66

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20
Q

General Haig and Wilson’s military reforms of 1914?

A

Haig - looked to improve preparedness by holding regular large-scale manoeuvres
Wilson - formulated mobilisation plans, preparing railway and shipping timetables and arrangements

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21
Q

By what number were warships reduced by between 1814-1818?

A

From 713 to 121

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22
Q

When was the screw propellor developed?

A

the late 1830s

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23
Q

When was the first steam battleship with a propellor launched?

A

1849

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24
Q

What was the name of the first steam battleship with a propellor?

A

the HMS Agamemnon

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25
Q

In what year was the Duke of Wellington the world’s most powerful warship?

A

1853

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26
Q

What role did Admiral Graham hold from 1830-1834?

A

First lord of the Admiralty

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27
Q

What two bodies did Graham amalgamate?

A

the Naval Board and the Admiralty

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28
Q

What did the merging of the Admiralty and Naval Board do?

A

It reduced nepotism, bribery and corruption

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29
Q

What did Graham require all crews to be skilled in, with the HMS Excellence commissioned for this reason?

A

Gunnery

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30
Q

What system did Graham end?

A

the system of automatic promotions

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31
Q

How many years did Graham institute an Officer to serve before he could become a Commander?

A

2 years

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32
Q

What was brought under naval control by Admiral Graham?

A

All aspects of supplying the navy, which had previously been done by civilian boards (the Naval Office and Victualling Board)

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33
Q

How did all ships change in the late 19th century?

A

From wood/sails to iron/steam

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34
Q

What was Britain’s policy to remain the most powerful navy instituted in the 1889?

A

To keep up with the strength of the 2 next most powerful navies combined

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35
Q

When did Germany pass a Navy Law which would double the size of its navy?

A

1898

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36
Q

In what years was Admiral John Fisher First Sea Lord?

A

1904-1909

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37
Q

When did the Selbourne Scheme become implemented?
What role did Fisher hold when he introduced it and in what years did he hold that role?

A

Fisher introduced the Selbourne Scheme when he was Second Naval Lord (1902-3).

The scheme began in 1904

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38
Q

What was the Selbourne Scheme?

A

The Selbourne Scheme meant that Officers would be trained in common at first, and could later specialise in engineering, navigation or gunnery. As they reached a higher rank they would all be eligible to command ships and become Admiral.

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39
Q

What were the aims and effects of Fisher’s Selbourne scheme 1904?

A

For officers to be trained in common - aiming to close the class gap in the navy and promote friendly relations/ trust between Junior and Senior Officers. Also aimed to make the navy more meritocratic since all Officers would be eligible for command and for Admiral-ship.

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40
Q

Who’s policy was for all navy manoeuvres to be practiced full speed?

A

Admiral Fisher

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41
Q

What did Fisher introduce as a new motto for Officers?

A

‘think and act for yourself’
(as opposed to waiting for orders)

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42
Q

In what year did Britain first build submarines?

A

1902

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43
Q

What was one reason for Fisher to advocate for the building of submarines?

A

they were 25x cheaper to build than boats

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44
Q

How many obsolete warships did Fisher retire/ put in the reserves?

A

Fisher retired 90 obsolete warships and put 64 into reserve

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45
Q

What type of engine did Fisher advocate for?

A

oil-fuelled, rather than coal-fuelled

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46
Q

What two types of ship did Fisher advocate for the building of?

A

Battlecruisers
‘all big-gun’ warships

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47
Q

What was the first battlecruiser?
When did it enter service?

A

HMS Invincible
1908

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48
Q

What was the first ‘all big-gun’ warship?
When did it enter service?

A

HMS Dreadnought
1906

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49
Q

What guns did the HMS Dreadnought have?

A

it had ten 12-inch guns

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50
Q

From 1873 onwards, how many men did the Navy usually have?

A

120,000

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51
Q

What was the Impressment Service’s job?

A

To round up men in ports, aged 15-55, and impress them into serving in the navy.
The men were often crooks or drunkards that were coerced

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52
Q

Who could press merchant seamen into serving in the Royal Navy?

A

Captains

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53
Q

What percentage of the Navy was made up of pressed men by 1805?

A

50%

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54
Q

What was the Quota System?

A

Each country of the empire was required to supply a certain number of volunteers to it’s navy. To meet these quotas, countries would often give criminals the option of volunteering for the navy.

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55
Q

When was impressment abandoned? (though still legal)

A

1815, after the Napoleonic Wars

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56
Q

What were 3 negatives of the Army for a soldier?

A
  • poor pay
  • high death rates
  • harsh discipline
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57
Q

What percentage of Britain’s land forces were militia around the early 19th century?

A

1/5th

58
Q

How many militiamen volunteered for regular service between 1807-1812?

A

74,000

59
Q

What percentage of the total force was made up by the KGL c.1813?

A

1/5th

60
Q

How many Officers were in the army by 1814?

A

10,000

61
Q

What were 2 ways to become an Officer in the early 19th century?

A
  • enlist 40 militiamen
  • bravery in action
62
Q

What meant that the army drew more from urban areas by the 1900s?

A

Demographic changes
- e.g in 1851 37% of all non-commissioned army personnel was Irish, by 1913 this was only 9%

63
Q

After what year were many ships in the navy decommissioned?

A

1815

64
Q

What social factor meant there were enough volunteers during the Crimean and Boer Wars?

A

patriotic sentiment

65
Q

What men made up Kitcheners new armies in 1914?

A

Volunteers

66
Q

During WW1, when was conscription introduced?

A

December 1915

67
Q

In August and September 1914, how many new recruits joined the Army?

A

761,000

68
Q

How many ‘pals battalions’ were there by October 1914?
(the idea having been introduced in August)

A

50

69
Q

What was the idea behind ‘pals’ regiments?
Who came up with it?
What areas were specifically targeted?

A

Men were more likely to sign up if they were reassured to be with their friends

Introduced by the Director of Recruiting

Northern industrial towns

70
Q

Which 3 areas produced 250 battalions for the ‘new armies’ combined?

A

Lancashire, Yorkshire and Scotland

71
Q

How many battalions for the ‘new armies’ did Devon, Dorset, Somerset and Cornwall produce combined?

A

11

72
Q

Who threatened to resign if conscription didn’t go through in December 1915?

A

Lloyd George

73
Q

When was the first Military Service Act passed through?

A

January 1916

74
Q

When was the second Military Service Act passed?

A

May 1916

75
Q

Who was liable to be conscripted?

A

unmarried men and widowers 18-41

76
Q

Who did the first Military Service Act exempt from conscription in January 1916? (4)

A
  • the unfit
  • sole supporters of dependents
  • conscientious objectors
  • men doing essential war work
77
Q

Who did the second Military Service Act expand conscription to include in May 1916?

A

Married men as well as single

78
Q

In the first 6 months of conscription was the average monthly enlistment higher or lower than under the voluntary system?

A

Lower

79
Q

What is a carronade? (used in the 1790s –>)

A

A short, rotatable cannon which was good for targeting enemy’s upper decks

80
Q

How did the way cannons were fired change in the 1790s?

A

Went from a ‘slowmatch’ to a ‘gunlock’.
The gunlock allowed the gun captain to stand back from the cannon, aim, then pull a lanyard to fire.

81
Q

What did the switch from ‘slowmatches’ to ‘gunlocks’ do for the navy?

A

Improved the speed and accuracy of broadsides

82
Q

How quickly could the Royal Navy perform a broadside in battle?

A

1.5 minutes (quicker than most enemies)

83
Q

How many guns did ships-of-the-line carry?

A

70

84
Q

How many guns did Frigates carry?

A

28-36

85
Q

What gun did most British soldiers use during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars?

A

Brown Bess Musket

86
Q

What gun did Light Infantrymen carry during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars?

A

Baker rifle

87
Q

What two new projectiles were devised during the period of the French Wars?

A

Shrapnel Shells
Congreve Rockets

88
Q

In what year did William Congreve develop rockets?

A

1806

89
Q

What were William Congreve’s rockets based on?

A

Rockets the Indians had used against the East India Company in the 1790s

90
Q

What was the range of Congreve’s rockets?

A

2700 m

91
Q

Why were Congreve’s rockets rarely used?

A

they weren’t very accurate

92
Q

Who designed a shell full of musket balls which would explode in front of/ above it’s target?
What was the range of this weapon?

A

Major Shrapnel

700 yard range

93
Q

What did William Armstrong develop?

A

A breech-loading gun which was rifled

94
Q

When was Armstrong’s new artillery first introduced to the army?

A

1859-60

95
Q

When did the Army go back to purchasing muzzle-loading guns?

Why?

A

1863

Armstrong’s artillery was not working well with inexperienced crews

96
Q

How long after being abandoned was Armstrong’s artillery not used for?

A

17 years

97
Q

Why were British weapons in the Crimea better than Russian ones?

A

They used rifled muskets

98
Q

When did the Vickers machine gun enter service?

A

1912

99
Q

How many rounds per minute could a Vickers machine gun fire?

A

500

100
Q

What were Vickers machine guns reputed for?

A

their reliability

101
Q

When were tanks first used by the British?

A

In September 1916 at the Somme

102
Q

How successful was the use of tanks at the Somme in September 1916?

A

They were mechanically unreliable but had forced through German lines at first.
Overall they were successful enough to have more ordered

103
Q

What were tanks further developed to do?

A

To cross mud and craters in no-mans-land

104
Q

Did tanks have a big impact on WW1?

A

No. They never made a decisive breakthrough

105
Q

What were 3 major weaponry developments of WW1?

A
  • phosgene/ white star gas
  • fuze 106 and specialised shells
  • better aeroplanes
106
Q

What was the most decisive weapon of WW1?

A

Artillery

107
Q

How did planes help the war effort?

A
  • Having more (and better) planes allowed the British to perform aerial photography and surveying which was a huge help for artillery
108
Q

What were the main 4 ways to finance war between 1790-1918?

A
  • taxation
  • government bonds
  • consols (bonds with no end date)
  • war loans
109
Q

When was the first income tax introduced?

A

1799

110
Q

How much money had income tax raised by 1815?

A

£155 million

111
Q

How many new goods and services were taxed during the French Wars?

A

21

112
Q

How much did taxes per year increase by between 1793-1815?

A

£12 million per year more (starting at £18million per year)

113
Q

Why was financing the Crimean War not a huge issue?

A

the war was short and had a limited scope

114
Q

How much of the cost of the Crimean War was met by borrowing?

A

1/2

115
Q

How much did the Boer War cost?

A

£217 million

116
Q

What 2 new taxes were used to fund the Boer war?

A
  • tax on refined sugar
  • tax on exported coal
117
Q

What type of tax was increased during the Boer War?

A

Income tax

118
Q

What covered most of the cost of the Boer War?

A

Bonds and Consols

119
Q

How much of the cost of the Boer War was met by taxation?

A

1/3rd

120
Q

What was the government’s first way to raise money for WW1?

A

borrowing

121
Q

When was a war budget introduced for WW1?

A

September 1915

122
Q

What was EPD?

A

Excess Profits Duty
- tax on any war industry whose profits had increased since pre-war

123
Q

How much was EPD at first? What percentage did it change to in 1917?

A

EPD was 50% then 80%

124
Q

What were 3 ways of raising taxes during WW1?

A
  • raised income tax
  • raised supertax
  • high duties on luxury items
125
Q

How much did the National Debt increase by during WW1?
Why was this?

A

£625 million - £7.809 billion

due to public borrowing

126
Q

How much of WW1 expenditure was met by public borrowing?

A

nearly 1/3rd

127
Q

How much did Britain loan to the allies?
How much was loaned to the USA additionally?

A

£1825 million to allies

£1000 to US

128
Q

What were two impacts of public reaction to war in the 19th/ early 20th century?

A
  • response to Crimean War led to new PM in 1855
  • uproar over concentration camps in the Boer War changed policy in 1901
129
Q

How did camp followers make money?

A
  • selling alcohol / tobacco
  • selling washing and prostitution services
130
Q

Who were camp followers?

A

Wives and children of military men who would follow them rather than live in a workhouse

131
Q

Who set up volunteer units and gave basic training from the 1860s?

A

Wealthy private citizens

132
Q

DORA stands for

A

Defence of the Realm Act

133
Q

When was the Defence of the Realm Act passed?

A

August 1914

134
Q

What did the DORA do?

A

Gave the government the power to rule by decree

135
Q

When was the Munitions of War Act passed and what did it entail? (3)

A

The Munitions of War Act passed in July 1915

The Munitions Ministry could declare any essential plant as a ‘controlled establishment’ meaning that
1 - strikes were banned,
2 - absentees fined,
3 - leavers had to attain a ‘leaving certificate’ in order to move jobs.

136
Q

When did David Lloyd George become Prime Minister?

A

December 1916

137
Q

How many new ministries did Lloyd George create?

A

12

138
Q

How much did female employment in munitions production rise by between 1914 to 1918?

A

From 82,859 to 947,000

139
Q

How many women started working at government departments during WW1?

A

200,000

140
Q

How many women began doing clerical work in private offices during WW1?

A

500,000

141
Q

By how much did the number of female transport workers increase over the course of WW1?

A

18,200-117,200
(just say 100,000 more)

142
Q

How much did the percentage of women doing waged work rise by during the war?

A

22.5%

143
Q

What 5 main ways did women serve in the military during WW1?

A

1 - WRNS (navy)
2 - WAAC (army)
3 - WRAF (air force)
4 - drivers, typists, clerks and cooks
5 - nurses or orderlies

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