Aspects in Breadth p.3 Flashcards
Changes in organising the military, and changes in weaponry and the role of the people c.1790-1918
When was the McNeill-Tulloch Report?
1855
What were the Duke of York’s main reforms?
- ended the worst excesses of the purchase system
- established a military college to improve the professionalism of the future Officer class
- created light infantry regiments
When did the Duke of York reform the army and why?
Between 1795-1815, due to the Army’s poor performance in 1793-4
What did the McNeill-Tulloch Report criticise?
The army’s high command and the Commissariat Officers
In what year was the Commissariat reformed (due to the McNeill-Tulloch Report)?
1858
When were Cardwell’s Army Reforms?
1868-1874
What was Cardwell’s government role from 1868-74?
Secretary of State for War
What two events had shown that the army was inefficient before Cardwell’s reforms?
The Crimean War 1853-6
The Indian Mutiny 1857
What were 3 of Cardwell’s reforms?
- shorter enlistments (of 6 years, then joined reserves)
- abolished the system of purchasing commissions
- split the country into 66 districts each providing 1 territorial and 1 overseas battalions, as well as 2 militia battalions
What were the effects of Cardwell’s 3 main reforms?
- army lost more men than it gained through shorter enlistments, army still not a desirable job due to poor pay and flogging
- Officer corps kept the same social composition despite ending of commission purchase
- the constant need for men overseas pressured the battalions at home
When did Haldane’s reforms take place?
1905-1912
What war prompted demands for reform before Haldane?
the Boer War
What country was seen as a potential threat by around 1905?
Germany
How many men were in Haldane’s expeditionary force?
150,000
What was Haldane’s territorial force to be made up of?
Volunteers, militia and yeomanry
How many men joined the territorial force by 1913, after it was launched in 1907?
over 200,000
What did Haldane reorganise into Officer Training Corps?
Existing military corps in schools and universities
How many men were enrolled in Haldane’s OTCs (Officer Training Corps) by 1914?
20,000 schoolboys
5000 undergraduates
What impact did Haldane’s reforms have?
In 1914 the BEF mobilised quickly and performed well in the first part of the war
By mid-1914 how many divisions prepared for war did Britain have - compared to Germany and France?
Britain had 6 divisions prepared
Germany had 84
France had 66
General Haig and Wilson’s military reforms of 1914?
Haig - looked to improve preparedness by holding regular large-scale manoeuvres
Wilson - formulated mobilisation plans, preparing railway and shipping timetables and arrangements
By what number were warships reduced by between 1814-1818?
From 713 to 121
When was the screw propellor developed?
the late 1830s
When was the first steam battleship with a propellor launched?
1849
What was the name of the first steam battleship with a propellor?
the HMS Agamemnon
In what year was the Duke of Wellington the world’s most powerful warship?
1853
What role did Admiral Graham hold from 1830-1834?
First lord of the Admiralty
What two bodies did Graham amalgamate?
the Naval Board and the Admiralty
What did the merging of the Admiralty and Naval Board do?
It reduced nepotism, bribery and corruption
What did Graham require all crews to be skilled in, with the HMS Excellence commissioned for this reason?
Gunnery
What system did Graham end?
the system of automatic promotions
How many years did Graham institute an Officer to serve before he could become a Commander?
2 years
What was brought under naval control by Admiral Graham?
All aspects of supplying the navy, which had previously been done by civilian boards (the Naval Office and Victualling Board)
How did all ships change in the late 19th century?
From wood/sails to iron/steam
What was Britain’s policy to remain the most powerful navy instituted in the 1889?
To keep up with the strength of the 2 next most powerful navies combined
When did Germany pass a Navy Law which would double the size of its navy?
1898
In what years was Admiral John Fisher First Sea Lord?
1904-1909
When did the Selbourne Scheme become implemented?
What role did Fisher hold when he introduced it and in what years did he hold that role?
Fisher introduced the Selbourne Scheme when he was Second Naval Lord (1902-3).
The scheme began in 1904
What was the Selbourne Scheme?
The Selbourne Scheme meant that Officers would be trained in common at first, and could later specialise in engineering, navigation or gunnery. As they reached a higher rank they would all be eligible to command ships and become Admiral.
What were the aims and effects of Fisher’s Selbourne scheme 1904?
For officers to be trained in common - aiming to close the class gap in the navy and promote friendly relations/ trust between Junior and Senior Officers. Also aimed to make the navy more meritocratic since all Officers would be eligible for command and for Admiral-ship.
Who’s policy was for all navy manoeuvres to be practiced full speed?
Admiral Fisher
What did Fisher introduce as a new motto for Officers?
‘think and act for yourself’
(as opposed to waiting for orders)
In what year did Britain first build submarines?
1902
What was one reason for Fisher to advocate for the building of submarines?
they were 25x cheaper to build than boats
How many obsolete warships did Fisher retire/ put in the reserves?
Fisher retired 90 obsolete warships and put 64 into reserve
What type of engine did Fisher advocate for?
oil-fuelled, rather than coal-fuelled
What two types of ship did Fisher advocate for the building of?
Battlecruisers
‘all big-gun’ warships
What was the first battlecruiser?
When did it enter service?
HMS Invincible
1908
What was the first ‘all big-gun’ warship?
When did it enter service?
HMS Dreadnought
1906
What guns did the HMS Dreadnought have?
it had ten 12-inch guns
From 1873 onwards, how many men did the Navy usually have?
120,000
What was the Impressment Service’s job?
To round up men in ports, aged 15-55, and impress them into serving in the navy.
The men were often crooks or drunkards that were coerced
Who could press merchant seamen into serving in the Royal Navy?
Captains
What percentage of the Navy was made up of pressed men by 1805?
50%
What was the Quota System?
Each country of the empire was required to supply a certain number of volunteers to it’s navy. To meet these quotas, countries would often give criminals the option of volunteering for the navy.
When was impressment abandoned? (though still legal)
1815, after the Napoleonic Wars
What were 3 negatives of the Army for a soldier?
- poor pay
- high death rates
- harsh discipline