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History > China 2 - agricultural and industrial changes > Flashcards

China 2 - agricultural and industrial changes Flashcards

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1
Q

What law introduced in 1950 removed the power of landlords?

A

the Agrarian Reform Law

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2
Q

How much did agricultural production increase by per year between 1950-1952?

A

15%

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3
Q

Estimated number of landlords executed?

A

1-2 million

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4
Q

How many households in an APC?

A

30 to 50

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5
Q

What was an APC

A

Agricultural Producer’s Cooperative

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6
Q

What percentage of peasants were in Higher-Level APCs by the end of 1956?

A

almost 88%

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7
Q

When did Mao adopt many of Lysenko’s ideas?

A

the mid 50s

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8
Q

What agricultural techniques contributed to the famine of 1958-62?

A

Lysenkoism

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9
Q

Estimated deaths of the Great Famine 1958-62?

A

30 to 50 million

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10
Q

By when had agriculture recovered from the great leap forward due to Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping’s policies?

A

1965

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11
Q

When was Mao’s first five year plan?

A

1952-56

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12
Q

When was the Sino-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty signed?

A

February 1950

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13
Q

How much did the USSR loan to China over 5 years from 1950?

A

300 million dollars over 5 years, as well as steel plants and machinery plants etc.

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14
Q

Successes of Mao’s first 5 year plan? (5)

A
  • most targets reached or surpassed
  • pop. in cities doubled
  • living standards + job security guaranteed
  • improved housing, health care and education
  • big infrastructure projects good for propaganda - e.g bridge over Yangtze
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15
Q

Failures of Mao’s first 5 year plan? (4)

A
  • quantity over quality
  • lack of experience of administrators led to lack of cooperation between industries and central planners
  • big projects poorly planned
  • no change to agriculture - leading to Mao pushing collectivisation and subsequent disaster
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16
Q

When was the second 5 year plan aka Great Leap Forward?

A

1958-62

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17
Q

State control in the Great Leap Forward (4)

A
  • controlled prices and production targets
  • set wages
  • all industrial firms turned into state-owned enterprises
  • workers given homes, healthy care and education no matter how productive - little incentive
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18
Q

Successes of the Great Leap Forward?

A
  • increase in raw materials
  • remodelled Tiananmen square
  • banning of private property ideologically brought communism closer to
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19
Q

Failures of the Great Leap Forward?

A
  • famine
  • large projects made farming more difficult
  • backyard furnaces wasted time and people’s belonging eg pans - to produce extremely poor quality steel
20
Q

When was the Lushan Conference?

A

July 1959

21
Q

Who was replaced as Minister of Defence after the Lushan Conference? Who was his replacement

A

Peng Dehuai replaced by Lin Biao (an ally of Mao)

22
Q

Industrial output in 1965 compared to 1957?

A

nearly doubled

23
Q

Which two pragmatists helped recover after the great leap forward?

A

Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi

24
Q

What was the first stage of collectivisation in 1951?

A

MAT - Mutual Aid Teams which organised peasants into around 10 households per team

25
Q

How much did grain production rise by between 1953-54 and what does this say about the move towards APCs?

A

Only roses by 2% - not really enough to justify the APCs

26
Q

Mao’s ideology regarding collectivisation?

A

To go slowly in stages. He was aware of the Holodomor and what had happened in the USSR when collectivisation was rushed yet he did become impatient and ended up with the same problems

26
Q

How much land was redistributed after the Agrarian Reform Law?

A

43% of land redistributed to 60% of population?

27
Q

When did collectivisation become forced rather than voluntary?

A

After July 1955

28
Q

How much did the percentage of people in an APC change by between December 1955 and January 1956?

A

December 1955 - 63.3% in an APC
January 1956 - 80.3% in an APC

29
Q

In what year was the number of higher level APCs increased

A

1956

30
Q

What was the first commune and when was it formed?

A

The Sputnik commune in Henan province
July 1958

31
Q

Households per commune?

A

5500

32
Q

What was Mao’s slogan for the policy of turning APCs into communes?

A

“walking on two legs”

33
Q

Why did Mao believe agricultural production was not increasing under the communes?

A

people were stealing grain

34
Q

What was a major problem with the communes which contributed to the famine?

A

Over-reporting of grain numbers

35
Q

Example of over-reporting of grain?

A

Sichuan province an increase of grain production was reported in 1958-61 whilst the opposite was true

36
Q

Consequences of over-reporting grain production?

A

Grain was requisitioned, contributing to famine
- leadership was not aware of real problems

37
Q

When was private ownership banned?

A

End of 1958
- including land and livestock ownership with selling of agricultural produce also banned

38
Q

Change of slogan under Deng and Liu?

A

“agriculture as the foundation of the economy”

39
Q

When did Mao step back from politics?

A

At the 7000 cadres conference of 1962 he made self-criticism and was criticised, after which Liu and Deng took charge and Mao took up a semi-retired position

40
Q

Main thought behind great leap forward?

A

that mobilisation of workers and communist spirit could essentially overcome any issues and would magically increase all production levels

41
Q

How much did agricultural production drop by in the great leap forward?

A

40% compared to the 1958-59 levels

42
Q

Between 1962-65 how much did light and heavy industry increase by?

A

light - 27% per year
heavy - 17% increase per year

43
Q

Changes to policy under Deng and Liu 62-65? (5)

A
  • experts put in Laogai under anti-rightist campaign returned and given managerial positions
  • shift away from ideology to profit in industry
  • peasants allowed to trade surplus
  • industrial output focused on providing for agriculture
  • growth in private property allowance
44
Q

By how much did steel, coal and electric exceed their production targets in the first five year plan?

A

steel - 129.8% met
coal - 115% met
Electrical power- 121.6%

History (15 decks)

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