Social Development: AGENTS, LEVELS, & ORG. Flashcards
SD INITIATIVES THAT ACTORS IMPLEMENT
PROJECTS
PROGRAMMES
POLICIES
PLANS
INTERVENTIONS
PRACTICE STRATEGY
well-established FORMS of SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT practice that organize different projects, programs and policies into coherent systems of _________.
INTERVENTIONS
NOT focused on any particular LOCALITIES. More LONG TERM. Can be comprised of DIFFERENT PROJECTS.
PROGRAMMES
prescriptive statements that DEFINE GOALS and govern implementation of projects and programs. They SHAPE THE ACTIVITIES of formal organizations
POLICIES
SMALL-SCALE and TIME-LIMITED interventions usually implemented at a LOCAL LEVEL
PROJECTS
they direct and FACILITATE the implementation of POLICIES by setting justifiable goals that are met through SEQUENTIAL STEPS implemented according to a PREDETERMINED TIME SCALE.
PLANS
MAJOR SECTORS OF SOCIETY that serve as SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ARMS of society
Government
Private Sector
Civil Society
FEATURES/CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT PARTNERS
From the BUSINESS sector:
From the CIVIL SOCIETY:
From the GOVERNMENT:
dynamism, access to finance, technologies, managerial efficiency and entrepreneurial spirit.
From the business sector
local knowledge, social consciousness, advocacy, community organizing / mobilization.
From the civil society
infrastructure, policy, information, political will and enabling environment.
From the government
refers to those agencies, institutions, movements, cultural forces and social
relationship which are both PRIVATELY and VOLUNTARY ORGANIZED and which are NOT DIRECTLY CONTROLLED by the STATE.
CIVIL SOCIETY
“CIVIL SOCIETY refers to the realm of PRIVATE POWER and private organizations whereas the STATE is the realm of public power and public organizations.”
McGrew, 1992
T OR F
CIVIL SOCIETY INCLUDES: ACADEME, PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, NGOs, people’s organization, CHURCH organization, among others.
T
Civil Society Organizations or CSOs are considered a “_____ _______ _______” (Perlas, 2000) which has ENOUGH CLOUT to INFLUENCE GOVERNMENT and BUSINESS decisions.
GLOBAL COUNTERVAILING FORCE
ATTRIBUTES OF NGO
(Salamon and Anheier, 1994)
Non-governmental
Non-profit-making
Voluntary
Of a solid and continuing form
Altruistic
Philanthropic
________ ________ is the foundation of NGO work in the Philippines
Presently, mandated in the Constitution – the involvement of NGOs in Philippine development (Article 2 Section 23 and Article 13 Section 15 and 16) and also in the Local Government Code of 1991.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
NGOs relations with GOVERNMENT
CRITIC
COMPETITOR
PARTNER
NGOs relations with PRIVATE SECTOR
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (NGOs as beneficiaries)
VENTURE PHILANTHROPY (NGO and private enterprises as high-involvement partners)
viewed as the CORPORATIONS’ OBLIGATION TO SOCIETY or ‘VOLUNTARY EFFORTS TO BE GOOD CITIZENS’ (Smith, 1995; Aguilera, et.al.2006; Henderson, 2001).
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)
also seen as GOING BEYOND THE TRADITIONAL BOTTOM LINE which is profit without totally abandoning it in its core values (Davis, 1973 as quoted by Aguilera, et al, League of Corporate Foundations, European Commission, Business for Social Progress, World Business Council for Sustainable Development).
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)
“…under pressure from many sides, corporate managements have been quick to assert their agreement in principle to the proposition that the firm
shall concern itself with the ills of society, particularly as those ills have begun to seem increasingly threatening”.
(Baumol, 1975)
CSR EXAMPLES
- PHINMA provides low-cost housing and also maintains a network of schools and universities
- COKE trucks to deliver P 100 M worth of textbooks
- MANILA WATER ensures clean water lines for public schools
- MIRANT’s rural electrification project for 1000 barangays
- PFIZER’s “Value e-Card Program” that provides access to life-saving medicines
- SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION’s “PET Recycling Project” that cuts production costs and promotes environmental awareness
- SM FOUNDATION, INC. - to help the less fortunate in the communities EDUCATION, HEALTH, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, CARE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND FOR PERSONS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS.
DIFFERENT SD AGENTS AND ORGANIZATIONS
P - Professional personnel
P - Paraprofessional
C - Conventional not-for-profit and faith-based organizations
F - Families and households
G - Government administrators, Policy makers, and professional planners
L - Local people or volunteers
M - Middle class social entrepreneurs
- KEY SD AGENTS
- TRAINED at government academies or universities
- Operating at all levels but active especially at the COMMUNITY LEVEL and administration of SD programs
- Administer both government and non-governmental initiatives
PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL
- Received some training at SPECIALIZED TRAINING institutions
- Perform SPECIALIZED TASK and SHORT COURSES are often used for this
purpose - IMPLEMENT SD projects supervised by SD professionals
- The number has increased as there has been global retrenchment and laying off of SD professionals
PARAPROFESSIONAL
- FORMULATE SOCIAL POLICIES which are incorporated into national
development plans - They engage in SECTORIAL PLANNING in education, health, housing, social
services, community development and social protection. - Coordinate the implementation of plans by government departments
and participate in the evaluation of outcomes. - Implementing these goals requires EFFICIENT and COORDINATED NATIONAL
LEVEL PLANNING that MOBILIZES and coordinates various agencies within
the government for policies and programs to be implemented at the
national and local levels.
GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATORS, POLICY MAKERS AND PROFESSIONAL PLANNERS
EXAMPLE OF GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATORS, POLICY MAKERS AND PROFESSIONAL PLANNERS
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
KALAHI-CIDSS NCDDP
Sustainable Livelihood Program
Supplementary Feeding Program
Issuance of Travel Clearance for Minors
Social PENSION Program for indigent Senior Citizens
Assistance to Individuals in Crisis Situation (AICS)
- GRASSROOT AGENTS who are usually COMPENSATED for the work and few have formal trainings.
- They IDENTIFY LOCAL NEEDS, MOBILIZE COMMUNITY members and establish a variety of local social development projects.
- They may form local organizations which become formal organizations by adopting governance and organizational procedures, opening bank accounts and even employing professional staff.
LOCAL PEOPLE OR VOLUNTEERS
- Recognized lately through the LIVELIHOOD APPROACH
- HOUSEHOLD as the PRIMARY UNIT for social development
- Previously seen as BENEFICIARIES but now are viewed as SOCIAL AGENTS in themselves
FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
- ACTIVE in SD in GLOBAL SOUTH
- Initiate new programs, establish NGOs and lobby from both national and international sources
- Attuned to new ideas and help to create organizations that promote innovative approaches
- They tap into wider social movements and international activist organizations
MIDDLE CLASS SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS
- Established by MIDDLE CLASS ENTREPRENEURS to serve needy
people - Engage in advocacy, fundraising and promoting what are called as self-help groups, comprised of people previously served by traditional social service organizations
- International faith-based organizations such as Christian Aid, CARITAS and World Vision, The Salvation Army, spearhead a variety of SD activities
- Local mosques, temples and churches may serve also as centers for social development
CONVENTIONAL NOT-FOR-PROFIT AND FAITH BASED ORGANIZATION
- Focus on global goals (MDGs and SDGs) to foster greater INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION among the world’s governments.
- Pioneered new approaches such as the MDGs and SDGs or the social security floor by the ILO.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Rich countries and emerging economies have spearheaded their own international SD programs. (Australian, UKaid, KOICA, jica)
FOREIGN GOVERNMENT DONORS
Spearhead international SD programs across countries. (The Rockefeller Foundation, FORD Foundation, The ROTARY Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
FOREIGN FOUNDATIONS
Provide a training ground for ST professionals.
They offer specialist course and trainings. (CHE)
UNIVERSITIES AND OTHER HIGHER
EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
WHY THE NEED FOR PARTNERSHIP?
No single sector can do it alone
During the UNCED one clear message came out – “The task ahead was too much and TOO IMPORTANT FOR THE GOVERNMENT ALONE. New partnerships had to be forged”- Hugh Faulkner
Offers real opportunity to CUT OFF INEFFICIENCY and WASTE.
Provides for a workable solution that MEET URGENT major NEEDS as well as SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS.
NOT ONE SECTOR could SOLVE societal problems ___!
ALONE
We need to MAXIMIZE the strengths of EACH SECTOR to achieve ____ ______.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
