approaches to social development Flashcards
harmonizes the ECONOMIC, SOCIAL and other dimensions of the DEVELOPMENT PROCESS and stresses the importance of social INVESTMENT and fosters people’s PARTICIPATION in projects and programmes (Midgley, 2013, p. 107)
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
6 TYPES OF PERSPECTIVES
LEGCES
Livelihood perspective
Enterprise perspective
Gender perspective
Community participatory perspective
Environmental or sustainable development perspective
Statist perspective
TYPES OF APPROACH
BASIC NEEDS APPROACH
SOCIAL SERVICES APPROACH
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
BASIC NEEDS APPROACH
Introduced by ___ _____ _____ in ____ during the WORLD EMPLOYMENT CONFERENCE
International Labour organization (ILO) ; 1976
BASIC NEEDS APPROACH: RATIONALE
RAISE the ________ ______OF LIVING of the masses of poor people as RAPIDLY as FEASIBLE and to provide all human beings with the opportunity to DEVELOP their _____ _____ (Streeten and Burki, 1978 in Wong, 2012)
SUSTAINABLE LEVEL
FULL POTENTIAL
BASIC NEEDS APPROACH: CENTRAL NOTION
identify a BUNDLE of _____ _____ (or bundle of COMMODITIES) and assess whether the population has adequate ______ to it (i.e., for households = food, shelter, clothing, household equipment / for community = safe drinking water, sanitation, public transpo, health, education and cultural facilities)
BASIC CONSUMPTION ; ACCESS
BASIC NEEDS APPROACH (BNA) EXAMPLE:
a condition of lacking resources necessary to acquire a
nutritionally adequate diet set at 2,100 kcal per capita per day. (Greer and Thorbacke, 1986).
FOOD INTAKE APPROACH/ FOOD POVERTY
CRITICISMS OF THE BASIC NEEDS APPROACH
FAIR UF
FIXED BUNDLE ignores individual choice: Limited attention to varying needs (like shelter and education), especially if food is the only poverty metric.
ARBITRARILY decided consumption bundle: Determined by a few professionals, lacking broader input.
IGNORES HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: Fails to account for different levels or prioritization of needs among individuals.
REALITY OF FLUCTUATING PRICES dismissed: Assumes stable prices, despite market unpredictability.
UNIVERSAL NEEDS APPROACH assumption: Assumes all goods in the bundle are needed equally, overlooking changes in individual priorities over time.
FOCUS ON MATERIALISM: Too centered on physical needs and material deprivation, without addressing other aspects of well-being.
Based on the Philippine Development Plan:
SOCIAL SERVICES APPROACH
SOCIAL SERVICES APPROACH
Provides access of Filipinos to _____ BASIC SOCIAL SERVICE delivery in education, training and culture; health and nutrition; population and development; housing; social protection; and asset reform
QUALITY
SOCIAL SERVICES APPROACH
Focuses on ensuring an _______ POLICY ENVIRONMENT for ________ GROWTH, poverty reduction, convergence of service delivery, maximized synergies and ACTIVE MULTISTAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION
ENABLING ; INCLUSIVE
PRIORITY strategies for social services approach
SUSTAIN PAD –
- strengthening CIVIL SOCIETY PARTICIPATION, basic sector involvement, and public-private partnerships (PPP)
- universal coverage in HEALTH and basic EDUCATION
- SOCIAL PROTECTION programs CONVERGING for priority beneficiaries and target areas
- transfer of CONDITIONAL CASH (CCT) to support the poor
- accelerating ASSET REFORM
- incorporating CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION and DISASTER RISK REDUCTION into social development
- Nurturing COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT (CDD) approach
- promoting VOLUNTERISM
- advancing GENDER and DEVELOPMENT in all sectors
- DEVELOPING and enhancing the COMPETENCE of BUREOCRACY and INSTITUTIONS
creates conditions of economic and social progress for the whole community with the active participation
of and largely upon the INITIATIVE OF THE COMMUNITY
(Source: Social Development: Philippine Approach, 1980)
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
community development approach
APPEALS of the approach include:
GADS
- GUIDS SELF-HELP and RECOGNIZES LABOR contribution of local people on projects (i.e., counterparting)
- ASSURANCE on the ALLOCATION of SUFFICIENT RESOURCES to these efforts at the grassroots level
- DEMOCRATIZATION and DECENTRALIZATION of the POLITICAL PROCESS
- SELF-HELP based PROGRAMS
KALAHI-CIDSS (Kapit Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan – Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services)
A way of doing things
WAY/PROCESS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION involving local prioritization & allocation of public resources, planning & implementation of development activities
TRANSPARENCY, access to info: community reporting & announcement of info (i.e., KC grievance redress system accessible to citizens in the barangay & general public
PARTICIPATION in BA meetings/inter-barangay forum
DECISION-MAKING= inclusive and participatory
KALAHI-CIDSS
Kapit Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan – Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services
KALAHI-CIDDS EMPLOYS COMMUNITY-BASED AND DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT (why CDD?)
HIDEI
- HELPS to improve OPERATION and maintenance of INFRASTRUCTURE
- INCREASES COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT in decision-making and implementation
- DELIVERS good qua, cost-effective INFRASTRUCTURE and PUBLIC SERVICES with high economic return
- ENHANCES targeting of POORER AREAS
- INCREASES INCOME of PARTICIPATING COMMUNITY MEMBERS
HOW KALAHI-CIDDS DOES IT?
Making resources TARGETED
FACILITATING COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT 🡪 using proven tools to mobilize and support communities to get involved
MAKING RESOURCE USE DEMAND-DRIVEN 🡪 Open project menu based on informed choice
Making PDIME accessible and popular 🡪 prioritization, procurement, finance, community-based monitoring.
Design SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES that communities can use 🡪 village assemblies, community volunteer committees, direct fund transfers, grievance redress.
Building CAPACITY 🡪 community (demand-side) and local government (supply-side)
OUTPUTS OF KC-1
In ______ barangays in _____ municipalities in the _____ poorest provinces and municipalities in the country
4,583 barangays; 200 municipalities; 42 poorest provinces and municipalities
OTHER APPROACHES
WHOLE OF NATION APPROACH
CAPABILITY APPROACH
RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH
CONSCIENTIZATION APPROACH
INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE APPROACH
The hallmark program of the NTF-ELCAC, the ___ ___ ___ was established with the end goal of bringing DEVELOPMENT TO FORMER CONFLICT RIDDEN COMMUNITIES
BARANGAY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (BDP)
Based largely on the work of Amartya Sen LINKING POVERTY to the broader discussion of HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
CAPABILITY APPROACH
Two indispensable elements OF CAPABILITY APPROACH
FUNCTIONINGS AND FREEDOM
various things a person may VALUE DOING OR BEING (Sen, 1999) like social participation, ability to spread ideas or being respected. RERFRAINS from adopting a MATERIALISTIC WORLDVIEW.
FUNCTIONINGS (TO DO)
ability to choose and prioritize various combinations of functionings.
FREEDOM (TO BE)
” Hence, the general notion is that people should not only achieve valuable functionings, but also have the FREEDOM TO PURSUE those values”
ALKIRE 2002
IMPLICATIONS OF CAPABILITY APPROACH
ANTI-POVERTY INITIATIVES, therefore, implies the enlargement of people’s choices, such as the opportunities to lead a long, healthy and creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of living, freedom, dignity, self-respect and the respect of others (UNDP, 1997)
Guided and became the BASIS of the UN HUMAN DEV REPORT
CAPABILITY APPROACH CHALLENGES / CRITICISMS
DIFFICULT to set a common yardstick for measuring poverty (esp. within and across nations. What will be the BASIS for COMPARISON?)
The EXACT ARRAY OF FUNCTIONINGS may be unknown.
Requires MORE MATERIAL INPUT (e.g. needs institutional, social or cultural inputs) AT MULTIPLE LEVELS.
centers on the idea that every individual has INHERENT RIGHTS that must be upheld and protected
RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH
RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH Article _____: Sections ____
Article III: Sections 1-22
focuses on raising critical AWARENESS and CONSCIOUSNESS among individuals about OPPRESSIVE SYSTEMS and structures
CONSCIENTIZATION APPROACH
CONSCIENTIZATION APPROACH was popularized by
PAULO FREIRE
It aims to address systemic issues and transform structures that perpetuate inequality and exclusion
INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE APPROACH
THE LIFE WE WANT: MATATAG
FAMILY is Together
Time with FRIENDS
WORK-LIFE balance
Strong sense of COMMUNITY (Volunteer opportunities)
THE LIFE WE WANT: MAGINHAWA
Free from HUNGER and OVERTY
Secure HOME ownership
Good TRANSPORT
TRAVEL and Vacation
THE LIFE WE WANT: PANATAG
Enough RESOURCES for day-to-day needs and unexpected expenses
PEACE and SECURITY
Long and HEALTHY Life
Comfortable RETIREMENT
