Reyes' article (2001) on Four Main Theories of Development Flashcards
A social condition where a nation’s population’s NEEDS ARE MET SUSTAINABLY, respecting culture, and providing access to essential services like education, health, and employment.
DEVELOPMENT
Emerged post-World War II due to:
- Rise of the U.S. as a superpower.
- Spread of communism from the Soviet Union.
- End of colonial empires in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Modernization theory
“Development occurs in stages”
Walt Whitman Rostow
KEY FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERNIZATION THEORY
Homogenizing Process
Irreversible Process
Progressive and Lengthy
Societies become more alike over time.
Homogenizing Process
Once a society starts modernizing, it cannot go back.
Irreversible Process
Modernization is desirable but takes generations.
Progressive and Lengthy
CRITIQUES OF MODERNIZATION THEORY
- Development isn’t one-directional (not only towards Western models).
- Traditional values aren’t always barriers to development.
- Different countries (like Taiwan and South Korea) developed differently than the Western model.
Developed in the 1950s from ECLAC’s research, notably by Raul Prebisch.
DEPENDENCY THEORY
DEPENDENCY THEORY
- Countries need to control their economies and focus on _________ _______
- Emphasizes the need for effective ________ roles and prioritizing national ________.
INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT ; GOVERNMENT ; CAPITAL
peripheral =
core =
developing ; developed
- Strong industrialization occurs when these ties are weak.
DEPENDENCY THEORY
CRITIQUES OF DEPENDENCY THEORY
- Lack of empirical evidence and reliance on abstract analysis.
- Dependency on transnational corporations can also facilitate technology transfer.
MODERNIZATION.
Modernization = views TRADITION as a ________;
Dependency = sees it as potentially ________.
Barrier; beneficial.
METHDOLOGY.
Modernization = uses high-level _______,
Dependency = uses concrete ______ ______.
abstraction ; case studies
DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT.
Modernization follows a ________ path;
Dependency allows for________ possibilities.
unidirectional ; multidirectional
CRITIQUES OF BOTH THEORIES.
MODERNIZATION & DEPENDENCY = focus on ______
WORLD-SYSTEMS & GLOBALIZATION = emphasizes on _________ _____-
NATION-STATE;
INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS
CURRENT PERSPECTIVES.
New Dependency Studies: Emerging theories consider internal and external relations in developing countries, allowing for some ________ ______.
government autonomy (prioritize the needs of the country without external interference.)
Developed in response to the CHANGING nature of CAPITALISM since the 1960s.
WORLD-SYSTEMS TEORY
WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY.
- EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES (Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore) experienced significant ECONOMIC GROWTH, CHALLENGING the idea of “_________ _______.”
MANUFACTURING IMPERIALSIM (powerful country extends its control over other countries or territories,)
WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY.
________ states faced crises (e.g., the Sino-Soviet split, Cultural Revolution failures).
Socialist (means of production (like factories, land, and resources) are owned, controlled, or regulated collectively by society rather than privatised)
WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY.
North American capitalism experienced crises (e.g., Vietnam War, Watergate, oil embargo) signaling a decline in _____ _________.
U.S. dominance
KEY FEATURES OF WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY
DGKey
Development Focus
Global Systems
Key Thinkers
KEY FEATURES OF WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY.
Recognizes global conditions that significantly IMPACT SMALLER NATIONS.
Development Focus
KEY FEATURES OF WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY
Analyzes communication, trade mechanisms, and INTERNATIONAL finance RATHER than solely focusing on NATION-STATES.
Global Systems
KEY FEATURES OF WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY
Key Thinkers: ________ _________ is a central figure who studied the challenges faced by newly independent African nations in a changing capitalist context.
Immanuel Wallerstein
MAIN ASSUMPTIONS OF WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY
ISC
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
SOCIAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
CHANGING CAPITALISM
MAIN ASSUMPTIONS OF WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY
Emphasizes interactions among SOCIOLOGY, ECONOMICS, and POLITICAL SCIENCE.
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
MAIN ASSUMPTIONS OF WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY
Suggests a HOLISTIC view of SOCIETAL DEVELOPMENT instead of isolating variables.
Social Systems Analysis
MAIN ASSUMPTIONS OF WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY
Acknowledges the role of TRANSNAITNAL CORPORATIONS and speculative INVESTMENTS in MODERN ECONOMIES.
Changing Capitalism
UNIT OF ANALYSIS
World-systems theory = examines ______ systems,
Dependency theory = focuses on ______ _____
global; nation-states.
METHODOLOGY
World-systems theory = looks at _______ dynamics of global systems;
Dependency theory = focuses on _______ patterns of nation-state development.
cyclical ; historical
DEVELOPMENT MOBILITY
World-systems = perspective allows for both _____ and ______ mobility,
Dependency = views development as largely harmful, leading to ____ and ______
upward and downward ;
exploitation and stagnation
Focuses on increased GLOBAL INTEGRTION, especially in economic transactions and cultural communications.
GLOBALIZATION THEORY
STRUCTURE
World-systems theory = proposes a _______ structure compared to
Dependency’s = ________ view
trimodal (core, semiperiphery, periphery)
bimodal (core and periphery).
GLOBALIZATION THEORY.
- Highlights the importance of global ______ systems in connecting nations and peoples.
- Recognizes that these systems are spreading even to less developed nations, allowing marginalized groups ______ to global networks.
communication; access
MAIN ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
GiCiDe
GLOBAL INTERACTIONS
CULTURAL IMPACT
DOMINANCE OF ELITE
MAIN ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Communications are facilitating INTERACTIONS beyond government levels to everyday citizens.
GLOBAL INTERACTIONS
MAIN ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
CULTURAL COMMUNICATION shapes economic and social structures, influencing development patterns.
CULTURAL IMPACT
MAIN ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Despite increased connectivity, powerful ELITES in each country often CONTROL decision-making processes.
DOMINANCE OF ELITE
KEY ASSUMPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
CdBnsTs
CULTURAL DETERMINISM
BEYOND NATION-STATES
TECHNOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION
KEY ASSUMPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION.
Cultural factors are fundamental in shaping societal dynamics.
CULTURAL DETERMINISM
KEY ASSUMPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION.
Global ties make the nation-state less relevant as a unit of analysis.
BEYOND NATION-STATES
KEY ASSUMPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION.
Advances in technology enable broader connections across social groups globally.
TECHNOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION
COMPARISON WITH MODERNIZATION THEORY.
- Both theories share a belief in the U.S. and EUROPEAN MODELS as developmental standards, but
globalization = _______ approach rather than modernization = ________ approach
descriptive ; normative
COMPARISON WITH MODERNIZATION THEORY.
- Globalization critiques the __________ perspective found in modernization theory, emphasizing CULTURAL DIFFUSION and COMMUNICATION as central to development.
ethnocentric
