Social Development

Question 1

Psychoanalytic Theories (2)

Answer 1

1) Freud’s psychosexual theory
2) Erikson’s psychosocial theory

Question 2

Learning Theories (2)

Answer 2

1) Watson’s classical conditioning/behavourism
2) Skinner’s operant conditioning

Question 3

Social-Learning Theory (1)

Answer 3

Bandura’s social learning theory

Question 4

Social Cognition Theories (3)

Answer 4

1) Selman’s theory of role-taking
2) Dodge’s information-processing theory of social problem solving:
3) Dweck’s theory of self-attributions and achievement motivation

Question 5

Ecological Theories (3)

Answer 5

1) Ethology - Lorenz
2) Evolutionary psychology
3) Brofenbrenner’s Bioecological model

Question 6

Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Answer 6

1st to say how you raise your kids and how you treat them is important (parent-child relationship)

unconscious

no longer used in psychology but influential in importance of childhood and parenting, close relationships, early experience

pass through series of universal stages where they encounter conflicts related to a particular erogenous zone (e.g. oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic etc.)

success or failure in this stages affect development throughout life

Question 7

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Answer 7

built on Freud

kids need to develop own identity and separate from parents

incorporated social factors

challenges/crises at each stage

non-sexual stages related to age and biological maturation

Question 8

Watson’s Classical Conditioning/Behavourism

Answer 8

kids are a product of environmental conditioning

passive and take in environment

believed psychologists should study visible behaviour, not “the mind”

said he could take 12 kids and make them into whatever he wants

Question 9

Watson’s Little Albert Experiment

Answer 9

exposed child to white rat

initially Albert reacted positively

then presented rat with loud frightening noise

after repeated pairings, Albert became afraid of the rat itself

classical conditioning

Question 10

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 10

Watson

use to get rid of anxieties

anxiety topic is paired with relaxing and calming stimuli to help reduce this

e.g. scared of spiders, so look at it in a book and use deep breathing techniques

Question 11

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

Answer 11

useful with behaviours like autism

behaviour under environmental control

positive and negative reinforcement and punishment in response to a behaviour (e.g. attention as a reinforcer)

repeat behaviours that lead to favourable outcomes

suppress those that result in unfavourable outcomes

Question 12

Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 12

Skinner

inconsistent response to a behaviour

makes behaviours resistant to extinction

Question 13

Behaviour Modification

Answer 13

form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behaviour

e.g. saw child withdrawing - better to pay attention when he joins a group

Question 14

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Answer 14

behaviour based on observation and imitation of others

direct and indirect observation

Question 15

Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

Answer 15

learn from others experience - vicarious reinforcement

watch video where adult was aggressive towards a doll

1 group - adult scolded - imitated behaviour less

2nd group - adult praised - reproduced aggressive behaviour when offered reward

3rd no - no consequence

boys more aggressive than girls, even though girls learned equally

Question 16

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 16

Bandura

child–environment influences operate in both directions; children are both affected by and influence aspects of their environment

child seek out certain types of experiences

Question 17

Perceived Self-Efficacy

Answer 17

Bandura

belief in ability to achieve goal

Question 18

self-socializing

Answer 18

part of social cognition

children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices etc.

unlike learning theories, where kids let things happen to them

Question 19

Selman’s Theory of Role-Taking

Answer 19

being aware of the perspective of another person
essential for understanding others’ thoughts, feeling, motives

perspective taking

become less egocentric over time

Question 20

Dodge’s Information-Processing Theory of Social Problem Solving

Answer 20

ON EXAM***

emphasizes role of cognition on social behaviour

studied aggressive children with hostile attribution bias

often stems from abuse

knowledge of social cues

Question 21

Dweck’s Theory of Self-Attributions and Achievement Motivation

Answer 21

achieving motivation: refers to whether children are motivated by mastery or by others’ views of their success

learning vs performance goals

Entity/helpless vs. incremental/mastery

Locus of control

Question 22

Learning goals

Answer 22

Dweck

seeking to improve their competence and master new material

Question 23

Performance goals

Answer 23

Dweck

seeking to receive positive assessments of their competence or to avoid negative assessments

Question 24

Entity/Helpless Mindset

Answer 24

Dweck

fixed no matter what you do

tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure

tend to base self-worth on approval from others

intelligence fixed and unchangeable

Question 25

Incremental/Mastery Mindset

Answer 25

Dweck

general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure

do not equate failure with a personal flaw

intelligence can grow as a function of experience

Question 26

Locus of Control

Answer 26

who you think is responsible

entity - outside of control

incremental - under their control

Question 27

What is best to say to children?
a) Good girl/boy
b) You are really smart
c) You can do anything
d) You are working hard

Answer 27

d) You are working hard

→ focus on effort, not the child’s enduring traits

Question 28

Ethology - Lorenz

Answer 28

study of the evolutionary bases of behaviour

imprinting → attachment

e.g. birds imprinting on first thing they see right after during birth sensitive period

seen as similar to attachment in humans

Question 29

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 29

Darwin’s natural selection

social adaptive challenges

large human brain and longer period of immaturity due to social complex world

parental investment theory

Question 30

Parental Investment Theory

Answer 30

Evolutionary psychology

parents are motivated by the drive to perpetuate their genes, helping child survive

e.g. abusive parents more likely to target abuse towards stepchildren, especially infants and young children

Question 31

Brofenbrenner’s Bioecological Model

Answer 31

treats the child’s environment as “a set of nested structures, each inside the next, like a set of Russian dolls”

Each structure represents a different level of influence on development

Question 32

Layers of Brofenbrenner’s Bioecological Model (5)

Answer 32

1) Microsystem
2) Mesosystem
3) Exosystem
4) Macrosystem
5) Chronosystem

all layers bi-directional

Question 33

Is the child part of the microsystem?

Answer 33

NO

child at center of the model

Question 34

Microsystem

Answer 34

immediate environment that an individual child personally experiences and participates in

everything that the child interacts with on a REGULAR basis

e.g. immediate family - especially during infancy and early childhood

Question 35

Mesosystem

Answer 35

anytime 2 aspects of the microsystem are interacting
interconnections

e.g. parent interacting with school - volunteering, going on field trip, talking to teacher

Question 36

Exosystem

Answer 36

environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but that can affect the child indirectly

things that affect the microsystem

extended family, school board, friend’s of family

IRREGULAR basis

Question 37

Macrosystem

Answer 37

larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded

not tangible things - ideology, culture, law

e.g. paid maternity leave

Question 38

Chronosystem

Answer 38

EXAM Q***

historical changes over time***

e.g. effects of COVID, laws that change over time, relationship with parents over time etc.

Question 39

Child Maltreatment - most to least common (5)

Answer 39

1 - exposure to intimate partner violence

EXAM Q

#2 neglect
#3 physical abuse
#4 emotional maltreatment
(difficult to prove)
#5 sexual abuse

Question 40

Parent predictors of neglectful parenting

Answer 40

EXAM Q***

Low-self esteem

High reactivity

Poor impulse control

Drug/alcohol problems

Abuse by spouse or own parents

Lack of social support

Living in poverty

Inconsistent parenting (themselves)

Unrealistic parenting/expectations*****

Question 41

Child predictors of being neglected

Answer 41

Age - younger kids

Sickly (parents under more stress)

Development delay

Difficult temperament

Low birth weight (correlated with substance use, stress, and poor nutrition in parents, more likely to be sick kids, have developmental delays)