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PSYCH 251 > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

Intelligence

A

ability to understand complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, learn from experience, engage in various forms of reasoning, and overcome obstacles through mental effort

element of TIME

CONTROVERSIAL

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2
Q

“g”

A

general intelligence

cognitive processes

influences our ability on all tasks

intelligence as a single trait

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3
Q

Spearman’s test

A

created factor analysis to measure “g”/general intelligence

evidence supports this

positively correlated with: grades, achievement tests, processing speeds, brain volume, general knowledge etc.

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4
Q

Cattell’s 2 types of intelligence

A

1) crystallized
2) fluid

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5
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

factual knowledge about the world
e.g. arithmetic, state capitals

increases throughout life

related to verbal ability

dependent on fluid intelligence

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6
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

ability to think on the spot, understanding relations between concepts that haven’t been encountered before

peaks ~20-25

related to prefrontal cortex development

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7
Q

Link between crystallized and fluid intelligence and SES

A

middle and upper middle class - crystallized and fluid strongly correlated

low SES - fluid intelligence higher than crystallized in some kids

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8
Q

Thurstone’s Primary Mental Capabilities (7)

A

SKIP not in lecture

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9
Q

Carroll’s 3-stratum theory of intelligence

A

influences one below

1) Top - “g”/general intelligence

2) Middle - types of intelligence - e.g. fluid, crystallized, processing speed

3) Bottoms - tasks used to assess - e.g. reaction time for

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10
Q

Binet–Simon Intelligence Test

A

interpret proverbs, solve puzzles, define words, and sequence cartoon panels so that the jokes made sense

highly correlated with school grade at the time

asked by French government to come up with test to separate kids into publicly funded classes

1st applied psychologists**

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11
Q

Terman

A

U.S.

Standardization of administration (delivery of test) and norms

Published Stanford-Binet IQ test for ages 2-23

IQ=mental age/chronological age X 100
(applies to kid’s IQ only)

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12
Q

What does a measurement of intelligence have to be based on?

A

Observable behaviour

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13
Q

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

A

quantitative measure of a child’s intelligence relative to that of other children of the same age

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14
Q

Average of an IQ test

A

100

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15
Q

SD of an IQ test

A

15

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16
Q

How stable is IQ?

A

One the MOST stable traits!

more stable after age 5 when children are able to sit through tests

correlation of IQ between age 5 and 15: 0.67

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17
Q

How to test IQ in infants

A

Habituation

time to habituate is better predictor of intelligence in infants

get bored faster = smarter

FLUID intelligence

no racial differences

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18
Q

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

A

most popular intelligence test for children now

age 6+

consistent with Caroll’s 3-stratum framework

overall score and score for individual abilities

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19
Q

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - General Abilities (5)

A

1) verbal comprehension
2) visual-spatial processing
3) working memory
4) fluid reasoning
5) processing speed

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20
Q

What does IQ predict?

A

strong predictor of: academic, economic, and career success

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21
Q

What is more predictive of success in the US?
a) IQ
b) Education

A

b) Education

IQ gatekeeper in the US

Determines which students gain access to training, which is a requirement for entry into lucrative jobs

22
Q

self-discipline

A

ability to inhibit actions, follow rules, and avoid impulsive reactions

23
Q

What is more predictive of grade changes in report cards?
a) IQ
b) self-discipline

A

b) self-discipline

24
Q

Heritability of Intelligence

A

Behavioral genetics studies relative effects

Most similar: identical twins raised together

Heritability quotient 0.5 (50% heritable, 50% from environment)

25
Q

Family environment influences influences on intelligence (3 effects)

A

1) passive effect
2) evocative effect
3) active effect

26
Q

Passive effect

A

arise when children are raised by their biological parents

overlap between child’s genes and parents

e.g. enjoy reading because growing up in household with lots of books because parents like to read

27
Q

Evocative effect

A

emerge through children influencing others behaviours

e.g. parents read more books to child interested in reading

28
Q

Active effect

A

children choosing environments that they enjoy

e.g. loves reading, will read a lot

29
Q

Family environment has a great influence early in life but effect ______ over time

A

diminishes

30
Q

______-income-shared environment accounts for more variances in IQ scores and academic achievements than genetics

A

Low

more influenced by environment than genetic differences?

US only

reverse for middle-and-high income families

31
Q

Over time into adulthood, what has an increasing effect on intelligence?
a) genetics
b) shared environment

A

a) genetics

moderate influence in childhood

large influence in adulthood

why:
1) some genetic processes do not exert their effects until late childhood or adolescence
2) more choice over environment with age

32
Q

Does school increase IQ scores in children?

A

Yes

scores increase during school-year, but not over summer break

33
Q

Flynn effect

A

consistent rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the past 80 years in many countries

NOT due to genetics

due to changes in society - e.g. nutrition, income, values in society, technology

34
Q

Does poverty decrease IQ?

A

Yes

Has more of an impact in US - poor families are poorer

35
Q

What has more of an influence on intelligence?
a) specific risks
b) number of risks

A

b) number of risks

cumulative effect

36
Q

Criticisms of intelligence testing

A

Industry

Focus on outcome not process

Doesn’t consider things like motivation

Disadvantages certain groups (poor, minority, ESL)

37
Q

Do habituation tests in infants show any racial differences?

A

No

38
Q

Culture-fair Tests

A

Trying to make tests more fair, gaps are closing

39
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

thought to have an effect on minority’s test-taking ability

due to anxiety and motivation

40
Q

Dynamic Assessment

A

Each child completes test items in a preteaching phase, a postteaching phase, and a transfer phase, in which they have to generalize their learning to new problems

41
Q

Is dynamic assessment a better measure?

A

evidence: after dynamic assessment
Ethiopian and Israeli children’s scores were nearly equal

42
Q

Phonological decoding

A

breaking words into parts

e.g. word “dish” - if remove “duh”, what would you be left with

MOST predictive of later reading**

Child with dyslexia have trouble with this

43
Q

Phonological recoding skills

A

ability to translate letters into sounds and to blend the sounds into words

“sounding out”

44
Q

Phonological awareness

A

recognition of individual sounds within words

words made up of smaller units

45
Q

Visually based retrieval

A

proceeding directly from the visual form of a word to its meaning

46
Q

Chall - 5 Stages of Reading Development

A

Stage 0 (birth - 1st grade): acquire prerequisites for reading,
letter of the alphabets, phonological awareness

Stage 1 (1st - 2nd grade): phonological recoding skills

Stage 2 (2nd - 3rd grade): reading simple material

Stage 3 (4th-8th grade): reasonably complex written text, read to learn

Stage 4 (8th-12th grades): acquire skill not only in understanding information presented from a single perspective but also in coordinating multiple perspectives

47
Q

What is more difficult to learn?
a) reading
b) writing

A

b) writing

48
Q

Are reading and writing correlated?

A

Yes, highly

49
Q

Low-level goals of writing

A

forming letters, spelling words, correct punctuation

50
Q

High-level goals of writing

A

making understandable, coherent, and providing enough information

51
Q

Cultural influences on math

A

Asian countries - far greater proficiency

cultural emphasis on math

quality of math teachers and textbooks

time spent on math in classrooms and homes

Asian - think studying hard is more important
American European - think a good teacher is more important

PSYCH 251 (7 decks)

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