Moral Development

Question 1

Conscience

Answer 1

an internal regulatory mechanism that increases an individual’s ability to conform to standards of conduct accepted in their culture
-parents very important, especially in early development*

Question 2

Best predictors of conscience (2)

Answer 2

1) Rational explanations
2) Secure relationships

Question 3

Type of discipline that is bad for a child with a fearful temperament

Answer 3

Harsh

Question 4

Piaget’s Stages of Moral Development (3)

Answer 4

1) Morality Constraint
2) Transitional Stage
3) Autonomous Morality Stage

Question 5

Morality Constraint

Answer 5

blind obedience to rules, focus on consequences not intentions, imminent justice

Question 6

Transitional Stage

Answer 6

rules change according to majority opinion

Question 7

Autonomous Morality Stage

Answer 7

take intentions into account (do much older than what Piaget proposed), fairness, punishment should fit the crime

Question 8

Morality correlates with _________

Answer 8

cognitive maturity

Question 9

Type of parenting that slows moral development

Answer 9

Authoritarian - don’t give a why, kids don’t internalize rules

Question 10

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Answer 10

Similar to Piaget’s theory, discontinuous stages, more abstract vignettes than Piaget, focus on the child’s REASONING

Question 11

3 Superstages Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Answer 11

1) Preconventional
2) Conventional
3) Postconventional

Question 12

Preconventional

Answer 12

focus on obedience to authority & rewards & punishment

Question 13

Conventional

Answer 13

social norms, internalization of expectations

Question 14

Postconventional

Answer 14

higher level, in adulthood

Question 15

Preconventional Sub-Stages (2)

Answer 15

Stage 1 - Punishment & obedience orientation - motivated by fear of punishment

Stage 2 - Instrumental & exchange orientation - according to best interest or equal exchange

Question 16

Conventional Sub-Stages (2)

Answer 16

Stage 3 - Interpersonal norms - good to others, what’s expected of you

Stage 4 - Social system morality - Uphold laws and contribute to society

Question 17

Postconventional Sub-Stages (2)

Answer 17

Stage 5 - Social contract or individual rights orientation - good of society but some individual right supercede, freedom, life, liberty

Stage 6 - Universal ethical principles -Justice over law; abstract principles supersede laws
very few people reach this stage**

Question 18

Criticism of Kohlberg

Answer 18

-culturally egocentric
-not everyone can reach all stages
-said it’s discontinuous when research shows its not
-related to cognitive ability and perspective taking
-medium relationship between moral reasoning and moral behaviour (people tend to reason above their behaviours, use lower reasoning when it suits them)
-gender difference

Question 19

Eisenberg’s Dilemmas

Answer 19

Gave kids dilemmas between helping self and others, formed stages similar to Kohlberg but not as abstract, more about things that kids can actually understand (e.g. helping hurt friend on way to birthday party)

Question 20

Eisenberg’s Dilemmas Stages (4)

Answer 20

1) Hedonistic Orientation
2) Needs-oriented Orientation
3) Stereotyped, approval-focused Orientation
4) Empathetic Orientation

Question 21

Hedonistic Orientation

Answer 21

EXAM Q
self-interest, tit for tat
e.g. go to party or would only help friend if they bought them cake after

Question 22

Needs-oriented Orientation

Answer 22

simple rules, help others, don’t think about why
e.g. help friend but don’t think about why

Question 23

Stereotyped, approval-focused Orientation

Answer 23

help others because it’s what you’d want them to do for you
e.g. help others because you’d expect them to help you

Question 24

Empathetic Orientation

Answer 24

truly identify with how person is feeling
e.g. think about how they’re feeling

Question 25

Domains of Moral Judgement (3)

Answer 25

1) Moral judgment 2) Social conventional judgments 3) Personal judgments

Question 26

Moral Judgment

Answer 26

-somewhat universal across cultures -deals with issues of right/wrong, fairness, justice -killing someone for no reason always wrong -across contexts, supersede rules or authority

Question 27

Social Conventional Judgments

Answer 27

-dependent on culture, rules and conventions -customs that ensure social organization e.g. caring for others, respect for elders - North America, if parents have Alzheimer’s will put them in home instead of taking care of them themselves, other countries there are no old age homes

Question 28

Personal Judgments

Answer 28

-Individual preferences -What clothes to wear -No right or wrong choices -e.g. who friends are, what time curfew should be

Question 29

Age at which children differentiate between moral judgments & social conventions

Answer 29

Age 3 - early on!!!

Question 30

Prosocial Behaviour

Answer 30

-doing things to help others - e.g. helping, sharing, comforting, caring -increases over time -related to lots of factors included age - prosocial behaviour increases with age

Question 31

Types of Aggression (4)

Answer 31

1) Instrumental 2) Hostile 3) Reactive 4) Relational

Question 32

Instrumental Aggression

Answer 32

-to meet needs, get something -e.g. pushing to get toy or attention -something that little kids (4 - 5 years) do, not something older kids do

Question 33

Hostile Aggression

Answer 33

-unprovoked -school-age - desire to hurt another person -decreases with time

Question 34

Reactive Aggression

Answer 34

-in response to something -some research that Autistic children have more reactive aggression because they’re bullied more so lash out in response

Question 35

Relational Aggression

Answer 35

-increases over time, especially among girls -e.g. telling lies about someone, gossiping

Question 36

Does aggression increase or decrease over time?

Answer 36

Decrease (although violent crime increases in adolescence)

Question 37

When does bullying peak?

Answer 37

Middle school

Question 38

Differences in aggression between boys and girls

Answer 38

-don't differ in AMOUNT of aggression -differ in WAY they express aggression -boys --> overt aggression (physical and verbal) -girls --> relationship aggression

Question 39

Consistency of Antisocial Behaviour

Answer 39

More consistent if it starts early in childhood, especially among males

Question 40

Characteristics of aggressive children

Answer 40

-hostile attribution bias - deficits in social cues, don't know what to do other than be aggressive -difficult temperament -lack of empathy

Question 41

Effects of parenting on aggression

Answer 41

-bad when parenting uses physical, consistent punishment, leads kids to become more hostile -consistent across cultures

Question 42

Is dad is aggressive towards child, who will child be aggressive towards? a) dad b) mom

Answer 42

b) mom - won't be aggressive towards aggressor

Question 43

What is the most important factor needed for intervention programs to be successful?

Answer 43

Parental involvement/buy-in