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PSYCH 251 > Moral Development > Flashcards

Moral Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Conscience

A

an internal regulatory mechanism that increases an individual’s ability to conform to standards of conduct accepted in their culture
-parents very important, especially in early development*

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2
Q

Best predictors of conscience (2)

A

1) Rational explanations
2) Secure relationships

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3
Q

Type of discipline that is bad for a child with a fearful temperament

A

Harsh

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4
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Moral Development (3)

A

1) Morality Constraint
2) Transitional Stage
3) Autonomous Morality Stage

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5
Q

Morality Constraint

A

blind obedience to rules, focus on consequences not intentions, imminent justice

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6
Q

Transitional Stage

A

rules change according to majority opinion

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7
Q

Autonomous Morality Stage

A

take intentions into account (do much older than what Piaget proposed), fairness, punishment should fit the crime

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8
Q

Morality correlates with _________

A

cognitive maturity

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9
Q

Type of parenting that slows moral development

A

Authoritarian - don’t give a why, kids don’t internalize rules

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10
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A

Similar to Piaget’s theory, discontinuous stages, more abstract vignettes than Piaget, focus on the child’s REASONING

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11
Q

3 Superstages Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A

1) Preconventional
2) Conventional
3) Postconventional

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12
Q

Preconventional

A

focus on obedience to authority & rewards & punishment

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13
Q

Conventional

A

social norms, internalization of expectations

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14
Q

Postconventional

A

higher level, in adulthood

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15
Q

Preconventional Sub-Stages (2)

A

Stage 1 - Punishment & obedience orientation - motivated by fear of punishment

Stage 2 - Instrumental & exchange orientation - according to best interest or equal exchange

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16
Q

Conventional Sub-Stages (2)

A

Stage 3 - Interpersonal norms - good to others, what’s expected of you

Stage 4 - Social system morality - Uphold laws and contribute to society

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17
Q

Postconventional Sub-Stages (2)

A

Stage 5 - Social contract or individual rights orientation - good of society but some individual right supercede, freedom, life, liberty

Stage 6 - Universal ethical principles -Justice over law; abstract principles supersede laws
very few people reach this stage**

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18
Q

Criticism of Kohlberg

A

-culturally egocentric
-not everyone can reach all stages
-said it’s discontinuous when research shows its not
-related to cognitive ability and perspective taking
-medium relationship between moral reasoning and moral behaviour (people tend to reason above their behaviours, use lower reasoning when it suits them)
-gender difference

19
Q

Eisenberg’s Dilemmas

A

Gave kids dilemmas between helping self and others, formed stages similar to Kohlberg but not as abstract, more about things that kids can actually understand (e.g. helping hurt friend on way to birthday party)

20
Q

Eisenberg’s Dilemmas Stages (4)

A

1) Hedonistic Orientation
2) Needs-oriented Orientation
3) Stereotyped, approval-focused Orientation
4) Empathetic Orientation

21
Q

Hedonistic Orientation

A

EXAM Q
self-interest, tit for tat
e.g. go to party or would only help friend if they bought them cake after

22
Q

Needs-oriented Orientation

A

simple rules, help others, don’t think about why
e.g. help friend but don’t think about why

23
Q

Stereotyped, approval-focused Orientation

A

help others because it’s what you’d want them to do for you
e.g. help others because you’d expect them to help you

24
Q

Empathetic Orientation

A

truly identify with how person is feeling
e.g. think about how they’re feeling

25
Q

Domains of Moral Judgement (3)

A

1) Moral judgment
2) Social conventional judgments
3) Personal judgments

26
Q

Moral Judgment

A

-somewhat universal across cultures
-deals with issues of right/wrong, fairness, justice
-killing someone for no reason always wrong
-across contexts, supersede rules or authority

27
Q

Social Conventional Judgments

A

-dependent on culture, rules and conventions
-customs that ensure social organization
e.g. caring for others, respect for elders - North America, if parents have Alzheimer’s will put them in home instead of taking care of them themselves, other countries there are no old age homes

28
Q

Personal Judgments

A

-Individual preferences
-What clothes to wear
-No right or wrong choices
-e.g. who friends are, what time curfew should be

29
Q

Age at which children differentiate between moral judgments & social conventions

A

Age 3 - early on!!!

30
Q

Prosocial Behaviour

A

-doing things to help others - e.g. helping, sharing, comforting, caring
-increases over time
-related to lots of factors included age - prosocial behaviour increases with age

31
Q

Types of Aggression (4)

A

1) Instrumental
2) Hostile
3) Reactive
4) Relational

32
Q

Instrumental Aggression

A

-to meet needs, get something
-e.g. pushing to get toy or attention
-something that little kids (4 - 5 years) do, not something older kids do

33
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

-unprovoked
-school-age - desire to hurt another person
-decreases with time

34
Q

Reactive Aggression

A

-in response to something
-some research that Autistic children have more reactive aggression because they’re bullied more so lash out in response

35
Q

Relational Aggression

A

-increases over time, especially among girls
-e.g. telling lies about someone, gossiping

36
Q

Does aggression increase or decrease over time?

A

Decrease (although violent crime increases in adolescence)

37
Q

When does bullying peak?

A

Middle school

38
Q

Differences in aggression between boys and girls

A

-don’t differ in AMOUNT of aggression
-differ in WAY they express aggression
-boys –> overt aggression (physical and verbal)
-girls –> relationship aggression

39
Q

Consistency of Antisocial Behaviour

A

More consistent if it starts early in childhood, especially among males

40
Q

Characteristics of aggressive children

A

-hostile attribution bias - deficits in social cues, don’t know what to do other than be aggressive
-difficult temperament
-lack of empathy

41
Q

Effects of parenting on aggression

A

-bad when parenting uses physical, consistent punishment, leads kids to become more hostile
-consistent across cultures

42
Q

Is dad is aggressive towards child, who will child be aggressive towards?
a) dad
b) mom

A

b) mom - won’t be aggressive towards aggressor

43
Q

What is the most important factor needed for intervention programs to be successful?

A

Parental involvement/buy-in

PSYCH 251 (7 decks)

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