Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

Harlow’s Monkey Studies

A

monkeys raised alone showed extreme emotional disturbances

what helped the monkeys:
1) younger peers - NOT same age
2) contact/comfort mother - preferred over wire mother

strange situation type stuff - go to comfort mother

so sad :(

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2
Q

Attachment

A

close and enduring emotional bonds to parents or other primary caregivers

first proposed by Bowlby

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3
Q

Secure Base

A

refers to the idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment

increases survival

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4
Q

Internal Working Model of Attachment

A

mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general

idea that you develop expectations about how people will treat you and whether you are deserving of love

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5
Q

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation

A

measurement of attachment

student of Bowlby

2 keys factors:
1) the extent to which an infant is able to use the primary caregiver as a secure base
2) how the infant reacts to brief separations from, and reunions with, the caregiver

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6
Q

Strange Situation Classifications (4)

A

1) Secure
2) Insecure-Resistant
3) Insecure-Avoidant
4) Disorganized

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7
Q

Which attachment style was added at a later time?

A

Disorganized

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8
Q

Secure Attachment

A

easily comforted by mother, has a secure base

majority across cultures!

Parenting style: sensitive, response, not overly intrusive

Long-term - best outcomes (better grades, more friends, more prosocial)

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9
Q

Insecure-Resistant Attachment

A

clingy then resists comfort

stays close to mother

VERY distressed when she leaves

wriggles away from mother when she returns - as though they are mad at mom

Parenting style: inconsistent, often unresponsive, sometimes pick them up, sometimes let them cry, kid doesn’t know what to expect

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10
Q

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

A

spend most time ignoring mom

don’t pay attention, may not even cry when left alone

but SAME physiologic response as resistant infant

learn to be self-sufficient

Parenting style: unresponsive OR intrusive, overstimulating, constantly in their face

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11
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

new classification

confused, fearful, freezing

can’t easily classify

odd behaviour - may start to approach parent but then freezes

contradictory - fearful smile

worst outcomes

Parenting style: abusive

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12
Q

What is the most important factor that promotes a secure attachment style?

A

Sensitivity

caregiving behaviour that involves the expression of warmth and contingent responsiveness to children, such as when they require assistance or are in distress

responding promptly, appropriate for infant’s needs

increases secure attachment NO MATTER the child’s temperament

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13
Q

What situation is associated with the worst outcomes?
a) secure attachment with both parents
b) secure attachment with 1 parent
c) poor attachment with both parents

A

c) poor attachment with both parents

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14
Q

How is parental attachment measured?

A

Parental Attachment Interview

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15
Q

Parenting Attachment Categories (4)

A

1) Autonomous
2) Dismissing (avoidant)
3) Preoccupied (resistant)
4) Unresolved (disorganized)

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16
Q

Autonomous Parental Attachment

A

consistent

acknowledge that childhood wasn’t perfect, but have positive, loving relationship with parents

17
Q

Dismissing (Avoidant) Parental Attachment

A

don’t recall, or dismiss as unimportant anything that could be negative

18
Q

Preoccupied (Resistant) Parental Attachment

A

still caught up in childhood experiences

dwell on things, caught up in wrong of parents

19
Q

Unresolved (Disorganized) Parental Attachment

A

answers don’t make sense

extreme good and bad

abused but talk about how much parents loved them

answers all over the place

20
Q

Self-Concept/Identity

A

how you THINK about yourself

21
Q

What is the 1st step in developing self-concept/identity?

A

Differentiating self from other

e.g. my legs are my own

22
Q

When can children consistently pass the Rouge Test?

23
Q

Descriptions of self in pre-school

A

physical attributes, abilities, social relationship

observable features

preferences and possessions

e.g. I have a bike, I have a brother, I like spaghetti

don’t compare self to others - have a high sense of self

overestimate abilities

24
Q

Descriptions of self in elementary school

A

begin social comparison

notice that other kids do things better than them

drop in self-esteem

more realistic view of capabilities

More higher order - e.g., “I’m smart, good at sports”

more abstract than what preschoolers talk about

increasing importance of social relations

25
Descriptions of self in high school
Early adolescence - may feel conflict at opposing attributes, don’t understand why Mid-adolescence - realize they can be different in different contexts unify separate traits into higher-order descriptors attitudes personality traits beliefs
26
Examples/concepts of adolescent egocentrism (2)
1) personal fable 2) imaginary audience
27
Personal fable
“nobody has ever experienced pain like I feel, my parents cannot possibly understand what its like”
28
Imaginary Audience
“everyone is looking at the pimple on my face”
29
According to Marsha, identity formation differs on 2 mains dimensions...
1) commitment 2) crisis
30
Marsha's Identities (4)
1) Identity foreclosure 2) Identity diffusion 3) Moratorium 4) Achievement
31
Identity foreclosure
Commitment: HIGH Crisis: LOW Family: overly involved Personality: high obedience, stereotypical thinking passive acceptance e.g. you’re going to be doctor, accept that they think they’re going to be a doctor, no questioning
32
Identity Diffusion
Commitment: LOW Crisis: LOW Family: laissez-faire, rejection, unavailable Personality: mixed results, low levels of ego development, moral reasoning, cognitive complexity, poor cooperation not actively in a crisis high in teen years, then drops off
33
Identity Moratorium
Commitment: LOW Crisis: HIGH Family: ambivalent struggle with parents, back and forth, but parents realize that they’re trying to work through things Personality: most anxious and fearful of success, but high level of ego development, moral reasoning, self-esteem actively exploring roles e.g. most university students
34
Identity Achievement
Commitment: HIGH Crisis: HIGH Family: encourage autonomy, differences within context of mutuality, let kids explore options Personality: high levels of ego development, moral reasoning, self-certainty, self-esteem, performance under stress, intimacy has experienced a crisis has explored and come to own decision more mature and motivated than other groups
35
Most common identity sequences (2)
diffusion → foreclosure → achievement OR diffusion → moratorium → foreclosure → achievement
36
Self-esteem
individual’s overall subjective evaluation of his or her worth and the feelings he or she has about that evaluation how you FEEL about yourself one of the most important factors of self-development**