Social development Flashcards
What are the 4 parenting styles?
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Uninvolved
Permissive
What defines Authoritative parenting?
High warmth, responsiveness
high demands, control
“high expectation” “lets talk about it”
(top right)
What defines Authoritarian parenting?
High control, demand
Low warmth responsiveness
“because I said so”, emotionally distant, punishment
(lower right)
What defines uninvolved parents?
low control, demand
Low Warmth, responsiveness
“You are on your own” Absent
(bottom left)
What defines permissive parents?
High warmth / responsivnes
low control/ demands
“you are the boss”
“few rules”
(top left)
What is associated with the children of Authoritative parents?
Positive outcomes
What is associated with the children of Authoritarian parents?
Children tend to be anxious, easily upset and low in self confidence
What is associated with the children of permissive parents
Low levels of control in the presence of a warm and supportive relationship
What is associated with the children of Uninvolved parents?
Most negative outcomes
why might problems arise if the temperament of the child does not match the parenting style?
the developmental process is transactional and requires them to work together, in this case to change the parenting style.
What can be said about growing up with siblings?
Arrival of a younger sibling can be a difficult period for most preschoolers
Within one year even if there are problems before that an older sibling can become a surrogate attachment figure for the younger child
Siblings closer in age engage and facilitates each others development
Sibling rivalry and support increase during middle childhood and drop of during adolescence
What impact do parents have on sibling relationships?
successful parentings also enhance positive sibling relations
however differential treatment by parents is a strong predictor of difficulty in sibling relationships
How do Single children differ from those with siblings?
higher self esteem, achievement motivation and do better in school and education but with lower conflict resolution skills and often lead to peer problems
what is a typical cultural difference in the family structure?
cross culturally the perspective of families might differ and families might live generationally together.
This provides more surrogate attachment figures for the child
How does divorce impact children?
its always a negative reaction, they are not old enough to view things from something else then a egocentrically point of view
This can be a trauma that stays with the person well into adulthood
adjusting to a remarried parent and blended families can be shaky.
Are there any positive outcomes or special cases?
Step parents can have a lot of positive influence on children who have just experienced divorce
Particularly hard for girls adjusting to step fathers
what single parents are the “best” ?
single mothers by choice may not face the same developmental risks as others
How can adoption play a part in child development?
Before the age of 6m if they are adopted they show no difference
What effect can infants in foster care experience?
many have serious medical problems, disabilities and developmental delays
State a few forms of child maltreatment
physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and emotional abuse
What makes someone a target for abuse?
Kids that are harder to raise are more likely to become targets
What is often true for maltreating parents and what dose that imply for the continuation of maltreatment?
They are less skillful in handling disciplining confrontations and getting children to cooperate
Once abuse begins it quickly becomes self sustaining as the child responds to the abuse
what is a cultural aspect of maltreating?
some societies view violence as an appropriate way to solve problems, this sets the stage for child abuse
What are the consequences of maltreatment on the child?
impaired development of attention, emotional self regulation, empathy, sympathy, self concept, social sills and academic self motivation.
What are some types of play?
functional, constructive, pretend or games with rules
Types of play can also be organized into social parts
Onlooker, solitary, parallel, associative and cooperative play.
What is friendship?
desire to spend time with one another and give and take and share positive emotions
from 4-7 years children can be “handy playmates” what defines this friendship?
does not yet have long term enduring quality and can dissolve upon disagreements
from 8-10 years what defines childrens friendships?
Mutual trust and assistance
from 11-15 years what defines childrens friendships?
Intimacy, mutual understanding and loyalty, its now something formed over time
What is the general change in friendships over the years?
Children grow increasingly selective with friends as they grow older
the friendship stability becomes less and less dependent on the constancy of the social environment
What is an important factor in friendship?
Similarity, first it can be similarity in behavior and interests
What is a gendered perspective on friendship?
girls generally have more emotional closeness than boys
What are the elements of a successful friendship?
Finding common ground activates, communicating clearly, exchanging information, resolving conflicts and self disclosure
What is peer acceptance?
to what extent a child is viewed as a social worthy partner by a group of agemates
What defines Popular children and what types of popular children are there?
Popular children can be grouped into two distinct groups
Prosocial popular: prince charming - combine academic and social competence
Popular antisocial: bully - tough kids that are relationally aggressive children - often viewed as cool because of their athletic abilities or devious social skills
(in vs out group dynamic) - Popularity reduces with age for this group.
What defines “rejected children” and what are they types of rejected children
they can be grouped into two groups
Rejected aggressive: Show high rates of conflict, physical and relational aggression. hyperactive, inattentive and impulsive behavior
(angry ADHD kids)
Rejected Withdrawn: Passive and socially awkward
both are likely to be bullied but particularly withdrawn
What defines controversial children?
They are hostile and disruptive but also positive and prosocial
(jacob ugurdur + jack typ)
What defines “Neglected children” ?
Usually well adjusted although shy
What are the characteristics of childhood aggressors?
Tend to play with other aggressive peers
Majority are disliked by peers (viktigt)
A majority have observed a significant amount of adult conflict and aggression
parents are permissive and even encourage assertion in form of aggression
Low in perspective taking skills and moral development (viktigt)
What define children who are victims of peer abuse?
we can divide them into two groups
Passive victims:
Socially withdrawn and anxious children who appear to have done nothing to trigger the abuse
Provocative victims:
Restless, hot tempered and oppositional children who are victimized because they are disliked and often irritate peers
What intervention can be taken?
assertiveness training and social skill training
