Adolescence and self/identity

Question 1

Self description in Preschool:

Answer 1

Physical features, possessions and preferences

Question 2

Self description in middle school

Answer 2

less tangible characteristics like emotion and combined attributes

Question 3

Self description in later childhood

Answer 3

descriptoon based on social comparison

Question 4

Self description in early adolescence:

Answer 4

more concerned with attitude and personal attributes

Question 5

self description in mid and late adolescence:

Answer 5

Differentiate into different roles and combine opposing characters

Question 6

Self control in early infancy:

Answer 6

only reflexes
(regulation is only involuntary)

Question 7

Self control between 18 months and 3 years:

Answer 7

autonomy versus shame, doubt conflict becomes important

Question 8

Self control 3rd year:

Answer 8

pay attention to standards and monitor their activities in relation to standards

Question 9

what is compliance?

Answer 9

The childs ability to obey requests or adapt the standards of behavior given by the caregivers

Question 10

why is compliance in “dont” situation dramatically increased between 1 and 4 years but not in “do”?

Answer 10

the ability needed to comply with a dont situatuin is inhibition which developes there while “motivation” is needed for a do situation, something thats not developed yet.

Question 11

Delay of gratification (page 6 gör sedan)

Question 12

Delay of gratification for younger children often more effective with verbal instruction than silence in resisting, why?

Answer 12

because they don’t have the cognitive bandwidth to both complete the given task and think about the gratification.

example counting to 40 and wanting ice-cream.

Question 13

What are preschoolers relation with self esteem and why is it like that?

Answer 13

They have very high self esteem. they usually deem lack of effort as the problem rather than lack of ability

Question 14

when does self esteem decrease and why?

Answer 14

it decreases during elementary school and stabilizes around middle school. Children are constantly evaluated in tests and participation is no longer valued as highly as results.

Question 15

What is self consciousness?

Answer 15

a result of formal operational cognitive ability in leading to critical self evaluation.

Question 16

what is a gender difference in self evaluation?

Answer 16

Boys show much less variability than girls

(kika boken sedan

Chapter 6 (Pg 206 - 209)

Chapter 8 (Pg 256 - 260)

Chapter 10 (Pg334 - 338)

Chapter 11 (Pg 388 - 394)

Chapter 12 (Pg 406 - 412))

Question 17

When does an identity start to form?

Answer 17

During adolescence

identity vs confusion, the 5th developmental stage in Erikson’s theory

Question 18

What is an identity crisis?

Answer 18

a temporary period of distress during which adolescents experiment with alternatives before settling on values and goals

Question 19

What are the 7 issues recognized by Erikson as important during adolescence?

Answer 19

Temporal perspective versus time confusion
(sense of continuity in life)

Role experimentation versus role fixation
(identity comes from experimenting)

Self certainty versus consciousness
(self confidence based on experiences)

Apprenticeship versus work paralysis
(try out occupation before deciding on a vocation)

Sexual polarization versus bisexual confusion
(bi people are confused, proof lacking)

Leadership or followership versus authority confusion
(competing claims to their allegiances)

Ideological commitment versus confusion of values
(search for fidelity)

Question 20

What are the 4 identities in Marcia’s theory and how are they defined?

Answer 20

They all stem from having crisis and/or commitment or non of them.

no Crisis no commitment - Diffused

no crisis but commitment - foreclosed

Crisis but no commitment - moratorium

Crisis and commitment - achieved

Question 21

why do we see physical growth in adolescence?

Answer 21

biochemically the endocrine system changes.

the hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland to secrete the gonadotropic hormones

Question 22

body image can become a problem, especially in off time puberty, why?

Answer 22

body image is a large part of self esteem. for boys late puberty makes them feel Small and can take a long time to fix even after they catch up of even grow past their peers. for girls its hard with both late and early puberty. late is a problem for beauty standards and early is a problem because people are perverts?

Question 23

Adolescence are often considered hypocritical, why?

Answer 23

Adolescence are often idealistic and this can result in them being impatient with those who appear inactive in the face of injustice. in the long run however they themselves will reasonably break their own rules.

Question 24

Adolescence are creative but with often not demonstrate it, why?

Answer 24

they don’t want to stick out. almost a heard like behavior. in group assignments they will usually come up with solutions closer to those already presented by others to fit in.

Question 25

What is “pseudo stupidity”?

Answer 25

overcomplicating a problem.

approaching problems at to complex a level and fail.

Question 26

What is an imaginary audience?

Answer 26

the belief that your are constantly being watched.

think having to wear your “best outfit” to go pick up some milk

Question 27

information processing, memory and higher order thought processes all improve during adolescence but what ability is considered to be better here than in adults

Answer 27

Deep processing

Question 28

What is important for adolescents relation with their parents?

Answer 28

Connection:
parental intrest and help, listening and empathic understanding. acceptance with trust

Autonomy:
adolescents need to establish their own individuality along with connectedness to the parent through the process of separation -individuation

Question 29

What about autonomy is important to remember in relation to adolescence-parent relationships?

Answer 29

Autonomy includes components of both Behavioral and emotional autonomy

Question 30

what parenting style is best for adolescence?

Answer 30

Authoritative parenting styles

Question 31

What are two points of tension for adolescent parents?

Answer 31

Difference in outlook - parents have experience to recognize problems

Focus on conflict:
1.social life and customs
2. responsibility
3. school
4. family relations
5. social conventions

Question 32

Gender can influence conflicts, how?

Answer 32

don’t know. something about boys fighting with fathers and girls fighting with mothers

Question 33

Early adolescents are vulnerable to social stress due to peer neglect or rejection. what is an important element for success?

Answer 33

The willingness to be pro social

Question 34

what causes loneliness?

Answer 34

inability to relate to others or poor self image

Question 35

early adolescence friendships tend to be 1 or 2 “best” friends.

what characterize these relationships?

Answer 35

they are intense, emotional and story

Question 36

By mid adolescence the goal of popularity changes, how?

Answer 36

adolescence now want to be accepted by members of a clique

Question 37

What are pathways to popularity?

Answer 37

conformity, achivement, participation, personality and social skills

Question 38

Shyness increases during early adolescence, why?

Answer 38

increased self awareness, sexual interests and desire to be part of a group

Question 39

What is hetrosociality?

Answer 39

friendships with members of both sexes

Question 40

why should the loss of love for an adolescence be taken seriously by parents?

Answer 40

they might be part of their social network, be a part of fostering identity and emotional development. particularly vulnerable due to evolving ego and limited coping skills

Question 41

now should adolescence be encouraged to handle the loss?

Answer 41

express feelings, rely on family and slow down in life. view themselves as a survivor