Social Demographics

Question 1

Define globalization

Answer 1

The process by which tangible (products) and intangible (values,ideas) material spread across the globe, due to technological advancement & communication

Question 2

World Systems theory

Answer 2

economic theory of globalization that views the world as a global economy where some countries benefit at the expense of others

Question 3

Differentiate between core nations and periphery nations

Answer 3

Core - wealthy, strong economy, strong government; lead global market in exporting goods
Periphery - poor, weak economy, rely on exporting resources & cheap labor, exploited by core nations

Question 4

What is a demographic shift?

Answer 4

A change in the makeup of a population
over time as measured by demographic factors such as age, population size, diversity, etc.

Question 5

What is demography?

Answer 5

The study of population statistics & how different factors affect population change over time.

Question 6

Malthusian theory of demographics

Answer 6

T. Malthus said eventually people would run out of resources to sustain the rapidly growing population.
Resource growth - linear
Pop. growth - exponential

Question 7

What are positive checks & preventative checks according to Malthusian theory?

Answer 7

Positive checks - checks which increase death rate and decrease the lifespan of humans; war, famine, epidemics
Preventative checks - checks which decrease birth rate/fertility rate; abortion, contraception,

Question 8

Zero population growth theory

Answer 8

Posits that human population is moving rapidly toward complete environmental collapse due to pollution, etc.
Advocates for 0% pop. growth.

Question 9

Cornucopian theory

Answer 9

Asserts that human ingenuity can resolve any environmental or social issues that develop
“Humans will find a way”

Question 10

Define fertility/fecundity rate.

Answer 10

The avg # of children born to each women in a given population. (also known as birth rate)

Question 11

Total fertility rate

Answer 11

Avg # of births per woman in her lifetime

Question 12

Define crude birth rate.

Answer 12

Number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.
Population sample is random, made of both males & females

Question 13

General fertility rate

Answer 13

Number of live births per year for every 1000 women of child-bearing age

Question 14

Age specific fertility rate

Answer 14

The annual # of births per 1000 women of a specific age group.
Ex: Finding fertility rate in a group of 1000 women who are age 30.

Question 15

What is the strongest predictor of fertility rate?

Answer 15

Educational attainment of women; higher levels of education = lower fertility rate

Question 16

Crude mortality rate

Answer 16

The total number of deaths per year per 1000 people.

Question 17

Total mortality rate

Answer 17

Number of deaths in a year in a given population

Question 18

Age-specific mortality rate

Question 19

Types of population pyramids, which show the direction a population is moving

Answer 19

Question 20

What factors contribute to globalization?

Answer 20

Free trade between nations, economic
interdependence, ease of travel, and access to tech

Question 21

What does the demographic transition model do?

Answer 21

It’s a model which explains how industrialization and urbanization affects a nation’s population size

Question 22

What is the relationship between population growth & industrialization + urbanization?

Answer 22

They are inversely related; as industrialization progresses, population size decreases (bc of low birth rates)

Question 23

Stages of demographic transition model

Answer 23

1. Preindustrialization: birth & death rates high, pop. growth slow
2. Industrialization occurs –> death rates drop, pop. growth increases rapidly & access to more food/medicine
3. Society urbanizes - birth rates decline due to contraception access, but pop. size is stationary
4. Developed society - birth & death rate low
5. Very develop society - birth rate becomes very low, so pop. size decreases

Question 24

What social changes can result from globalization?

Answer 24

-Civil unrest due to global inequality that people in poor economies are aware of
-Terrorism

Question 25

What causes urbanization to decline?

Answer 25

If the urban cities get too populated, more people start to move out to suburban areas.
Process is called suburbinization.

Question 26

Gentrification

Answer 26

When members of the upperclass enter and renovate city areas that have been historically less affluent, essentially driving up prices, so that the poor can’t afford to live there anymore.

Question 27

3 major perspectives on globalization

Answer 27

Hyperglobalization perspective, skeptical perspective, transformationalist perspective

Question 28

Hyperglobalization Perspective

Answer 28

Globalization is a major new epoch in human history, national boundaries will be dissolved.

Question 29

Skeptical Perspective

Answer 29

Globalization is now fragmented/regionalized, it hasn’t really occurred

Question 30

Transformationalist perspective

Answer 30

Globalization may be occuring, but how to measure it and its outcomes is unknown

Question 31

Immigration vs Emigration

Answer 31

Immigration - movement into a nation/region
Emigration - movement out of a nation/region

Question 32

What are the two types of factors causing migration?

Answer 32

Push factors: aspects of a society that encourage emigration
Pull factors: aspects of a society that attract immigrants in

Question 33

Example of push factors

Answer 33

Low wages, low standard of living, poor economy, war, lack of employment, religious persecution

Question 34

Example of pull factors

Answer 34

Higher wages, political freedom, higher standard of living, security

Question 35

Define social movement

Answer 35

A broad alliance of people connected through a shared interest in either stopping or creating social change

Question 36

What is a potential cause for social movements?

Answer 36

Relative deprivation - the feeling of disadvantage that arises when individuals compare themselves to others & feel they possess relatively fewer resources and privileges

Question 37

What are SMOs?

Answer 37

Social movement organizations - formal often nonprofit organizations that constitute a sub-component of a certain movement
-Don’t always have same views on issues

Question 38

4 different social movements

Answer 38

Reformative, revolutionary, alternative, redemptive

Question 39

How to organize a social movement:

Answer 39

1. Idea emerges
2. Individuals coalesce - develop strategy/tactics
3. Bureaucratise - develop procedures/rules
4. # of different paths such as mainstreaming social movement, repression of movement
5. Social movement declines

Question 40

What is frame analysis?

Answer 40

A concept which posits that new vales, new meanings and understandings are required to understand and support social movements/changes

Question 41

Differentiate tactic and strategy

Answer 41

tactic - action to achieve a specific end
strategy - action to achieve major overall aim

Question 42

Confrontational vs. peaceful tactics

Answer 42

Confrontational - sit-ins, blocking access, property damage, violence
Peaceful - mass demonstrations, political lobbying

Question 43

What are the major sociological approaches to aging?

Answer 43

Question 44

Calculating dependency ratio

Answer 44

This is the ratio of unproductive (unable to work) members in society to working age members

Question 45

Define relative deprivation.

Answer 45

It is the state of a person feeling discontent because they believe they are entitled to something yet are being deprived of it.
Deviance can arise due to this.