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Malika Psychology MCAT > Motivation, Attitude, & Behavior > Flashcards

Motivation, Attitude, & Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

What is self-determination theory?

A

A theory that says our behavior is motivated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors which strive to meet three basic human needs. They are autonomy competence, and relatedness.

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2
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

A bias that causes individuals to overemphasize/attribute more dispositional factors to the behavior of others
(Focuses on attributing only OTHERS behaviors)

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3
Q

Self perception theory

A

Theory that states we develop attitudes in part from reflecting on our own behavior

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4
Q

What is the actor observer bias?

A

The bias where we attribute dispositional factors to other peoples behaviors while attributing situational factors to our own behavior.

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5
Q

What is the self-serving bias?

A

The difference between how we attribute OUR OWN BEHAVIOR under good vs. bad circumstances.

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6
Q

Gordon Allport’s theory of functional autonomy

A

-Emphasized that motivation didn’t arise from instincts and infantile needs from childhood
-Refuted Freudian theory of motivation
-Said that drives can be independent of the original motives for a given behavior, emphasizing maturation & differentiation

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7
Q

What are the 3 components of attitude?

A

Affective - emotions/feelings which shape our attitude
Behavioral - an individual’s actions as a result of their attitude
Cognitive - beliefs and knowledge which influence attitudes

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8
Q

What is the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?

A

A theory of attitude formation that separates individuals on a spectrum based on how they respond to and process persuasive information

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9
Q

What are the two types of processing that can occur when an individual is being persuaded according to the elaboration likelihood model?

A

Central route processing and peripheral processing

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10
Q

central route processing

A

When a person is being persuaded, they think deeply about the information, scrutinizing its meaning and purpose

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11
Q

peripheral route processing

A

when a person is being persuaded, they focus on superficial details such as appearance, credibility of the other person, catchphrases they use

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12
Q

What is the attribution theory of behavior?

A

The theory which attempts to explain behavior either being related to dispositional (internal factors) or situational (external factors).

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13
Q

What is the inclusive fitness theory?

A

It measures an individual’s total evolutionary success; a sum of both inclusive fitness and direct fitness.

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14
Q

What is indirect fitness?

A

of relative/offspring the individual aids through altruistic behavior in order to increase chance of kin survival

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15
Q

What is direct fitness?

A

An organism’s own reproductive rate, # of offspring that the organism produces

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16
Q

What is altruism? Where does it occur?

A

A behavior that benefits others in a group at a potential cost/risk to oneself. It occurs in animal populations which aid in protecting their own kin at a cost to themselves at times.

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17
Q

What does the evolutionary game theory propose?

A

It mathematically evaluates different behavioral phenotypes over time, whether or not the pros of that behavior outweigh the cons and contribute to overall fitness of the species.

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18
Q

Which theories are concerned with how nonverbal cues influence the behaviors of other?

A

Symbolic interactionism, elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, dramaturgical approach of behavior

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19
Q

What is the difference between group behavior and collective behavior?

A

Group behavior - practiced over a long period of time, socially exclusive, considers socially acceptable norms
Collective behavior - short-lived, no social boundaries, often includes deviance

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20
Q

Name 3 types of collective behavior

A

fad, mass hysteria, riot

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21
Q

Fad

A

A fleeting behavior that becomes very popular bc it is “cool” and influences a lot of people. however, it loses popularity quickly

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22
Q

Riot

A

A collective behavior where large groups of people engage in deviant behavior

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23
Q

Mass hysteria

A

A collective behavior involving large groups of people who experience major anxiety, irrational behavior/delusions due to extreme news/response to an event.

24
Q

What is the dramaturgical approach of behavior?

A

It attempts to explain behavior of individuals as “actors” who have a front-stage self when in front of an audience and a back-stage-self occuring in private settings.

25
Q

What is the front-stage self of an individual?

A

This is the behavior that a person takes on in social situations as an “actor”. They focus on appearance, manners, social status as a way of influencing the perception of others.

26
Q

What is the back-stage self of an individual?

A

These are the behaviors that individuals exhibit in private, when they are relaxed, spontaneous and free from judgement.

27
Q

What do adoption studies of behavior compare?

A

They compare the different traits/behaviors between adoptive parents and the child vs. biological parents and the child, to see whether genetics or environment played a role in behavior development.

28
Q

What are some biological motivators for behavior?

A

Hunger, thirst, sexual reproduction, addiction

29
Q

What are some psychological/social motivators for behavior?

A

diet, appearance, manners

30
Q

What does the expectancy value theory of motivation say?

A

States that one’s behavior is a result of both his or her expectation of success at certain tasks & the importance assigned to those tasks

31
Q

What does the goal setting theory of motivation say?

A

Theory which posits that there is a connection between setting goals and task performance

32
Q

What is the drive reduction theory of motivation?

A

It says that physiological discomfort is what causes an individual to behavior in a specific manner to relieve that discomfort

33
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

A

Primary - rewards that correspond to basic physiological needs
Secondary - rewards that correspond to more complex concepts such as money, praise, acceptance

34
Q

What are drives?

A

Senses of urgency that we aim to reduce as humans. They can be primary or secondary.

35
Q

Explain primary and secondary drives

A

Primary - innate such as thirst, hunger, need for sex
Secondary - develop due to learning from society such as attaining prestige, having high status, etc

36
Q

What is self-actualization?

A

A term coined by Maslow which is a state of an individual when they realize their full potential and find meaning outside the self

37
Q

What are instincts?

A

Innate fixed patterns of behavior
Ex: Wolves are instinctively pack creatures which naturally follow the alpha male

38
Q

What does the instinct theory of motivation say?

A

Says human actions/behavior are based on 20 physical instincts and 17 mental instincts

39
Q

What is the arousal theory of motivation?

A

Says people perform actions to maintain an optimal level of arousal, if it falls below they seek to increase it

40
Q

What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law say?

A

Says that performance is directly related to arousal

41
Q

What is the opponent-process theory of motivation?

A

It explains motivation in relation to addiction and drug use. Says as drug use increases, the body tries to counteract its effects, leading to tolerance

42
Q

What is the incentive theory of motivation?

A

Focus on how factors outside of individuals such as community values and aspects of culture can motivate individuals.
Focus on how people engage in behaviors which produce rewards

43
Q

Define reciprocal determinism

A

Also known as Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation theory which argues that behavior, cognition, and environment all interact & influence each other

44
Q

Contrast the social cognitive approach to attitude and learning approach to attitude.

A

Learning approach - attitudes develop through direct contact with people, direct instruction given by caregivers, etc
Social cog. approach - children learn how to behave by observing and replicating other’s actions, behavior is not only influenced by environment, but also by personal cognition, bandura proposed reciprocal determinism to explain how these three factors interact to develop people’s attitudes

45
Q

Differentiate between characteristics of innate vs. learned behavior.

A

Innate - heritable, intrinsic, stereotypic, inflexible (not changing), fully-developed
Learned - non-inherited, extrinsic, changeable, adaptable to different conditions, progressive (subject to refinement)

46
Q

Give 3 examples of innate behavior

A
  1. Reflexes - don’t require CNS input
  2. Orientation behaviors - kinesis and taxis
  3. Fixed action patterns - sequences of behaviors triggered by a cue, that once triggered will go to completion
47
Q

What is a complex behavior?

A

A behavior that is neither innate nor learned, but in between

48
Q

Define learned helplessness

A

When uncontrollable bad events occur to a person repeatedly, so that person starts to believe they can’t control anything, leading them to not even trying in new situations

49
Q

Define tyranny of choice

A

Having more choices requires more effort to choose and can leave a person unsatisfied w/ their choice –> lead to decision paralysis

50
Q

What are some strategies for self-control?

A
  1. Change environment
  2. Operant conditioning
  3. Deprivation (removal of stimulus completely)
51
Q

What is socialization?

A

Lifelong social process by which people learn culture, society’s norms, and develop their human potential.

52
Q

What are the two types of socialization?

A

Primary - socialization which occurs due to strong influences such as parents, spouse, children
Secondary - socialization which occurs due to peers, coworkers, mass media, religion (not as strong as primary)

53
Q

What is the just-world hypothesis?

A

The tendency to believe that people get
what they deserve.
Example: Someone believes that people below the poverty line have not made any efforts to improve their conditions and therefore deserve their lot in life.

54
Q

what is the halo-effect?

A

A bias by which a positive appraisal in one area will automatically generate positive appraisals in other areas.
Example: An admired celebrity’s questionable behavior would be much more likely to be viewed positively than a normal person’s behavior..

55
Q

True or false:
Primary socialization comes before secondary socialization.

A

True.

56
Q

Explain Hawthorne effect

A

When you modify your behavior simply because you are being observed

Malika Psychology MCAT (12 decks)

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