Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NCE > Social & Cultural Diversity > Flashcards

Social & Cultural Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US discuss: hispanics

A

60M in US
20 different nationalities
Mexico & Puerto Rico are largest groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US discuss what is expected by 2050

A

all minority groups combined will be > the non-hispanic white population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US, discuss facts about language

A

21% of kids over 4yrs old speak another language in addition to English

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US discuss the median age in the US

A

38

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US, who is the oldest age group?

A

non-hispanic whites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US discuss facts about baby boomers.

A

born 1946-1964
10k boomers turn 65 every day
17% of the population is >65

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US discuss baby buster generation.

A

AKA Generation X
born 1964-1976
known for wanting excitement, facts (right answers), stimulation, exciting jobs, options open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US discuss Millenials.

A

AKA Gen Y, Nexters, Echo Boomers, Internet Generation

Largest living generation next to Gen X individuals

raised to be self-confident, tech aware, multiculturally inclusive, goal oriented, civic minded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US discuss marriage

A

> 50% of marriages begin as cohabitations (6% of all adults). This leads to:
- decrease in marriage rate
- increase in age of 1st marriage
- increase in children born out of wedlock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US, what % of households consist of a married couple w/children? How many children on average?

A

21% of households consist of married couple and children

families average <2 children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US, discuss marriage and divorce

A

> 40% of first marriages end in separation/divorce

remarriages decreased as cohabitation is more accepted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US, what is the ‘sandwich generation?’

A

People who care for their kids and elderly parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US, what % of pop are females?

A

females comprise 51% of pop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is life expectancy in the us?

A

77

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US, discuss women in the labor force

A

women =47% of labor force

58% of all women in labor force (vs 69% for men)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Regarding Demographics and other Characteristics in the US, discuss what has happened in the past decade wrt adolescents.

A

% of adolescents with a driver’s license, who’ve tried alcohol, have dated, and work for pay has DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what ratio of people are married to smn of different race/ethnicity?

A

1 in 6 ppl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what ratio and age range of ppl live with their parents?

A

1 in 3 ppl age 18-34 live w/parents. this was 1 in 5 in 1975

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what % of children are born to unmarried women? what is this attributable to?

A

40% of children born to unmarried women, and majority of them occur within cohabitating unions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an example of biological factors and what do they do?

A

ex: hormones

they influence development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are social factors and examples?

A

social factors interact w/biological and physical characteristics during one’s development

Major social factors are:
parents and parenting style
peers and modeling of behavior
TV and social media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

at wht age is gender identity typically established?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

People are products of how many different cultures? LIst them.

A

Universal: we are biologically alike as human beings

Ecological: we are influenced by where we live (cold/hot climate). language is influenced by what we eat, wear, live

National: represents a country with the same (one) language
- a govt establish laws, policies, insitutions
- country has worldviews and citizens socialize each other

Regional: represents culture specific to region (ie, South, Midwest)

Racio-Ethnic: race, which are assumed biological differences including physical features used to identify majority and minority groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

define race

A

assumed biological differences including physical features used to identify majority and minority groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define ethnic

A

refers to practices, learning of a group and style of living that are regionally or culturally based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is social class?

A

different levels of material possessions or economic advantage

related to social class are:
- values, assets, worldview, relationship style, opportunities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what characterizes ethnic groups?

A

differences bw members such as:
values, attitudes, behaviors, education, racial identiy development, acculturation, socioeconomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is Cultural Pluralism

A

multiple cultures coexisting

individuals with special concerns and needs or seek respect, representation, development in society.

Ex; race, ethnicity, gender, age, marital status, socioeconomic status…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are cultural norms?

A

represent a group’s basic interpretation of life

provide the values for living and lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Defn of prejudice?

A

Preconceived judgment or opinion w/o grounds or sufficient knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Defn of racism?

A

the belief that some races are inherently superior to others.

Can be expressed on:
- individual basis
- institutional basis
- cultural (societal) basis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is disproportionality?

A

Treating some school age children differently.

Leads to unneeded special services, less-rigorous curriculum, lower expectations, more disciplinary actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

the belief that one’s ethnicity is at the center of everything; that it sets the standard.

may cause intergenerational conflict when younger members adopt the attitudes and behaviors of cultures around them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Acculturation

A

the extent to which one adopts the values, beliefs, and customs of the dominant culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Assimilation (in terms of social diversity)

A

the extent to which one becomes part of the dominant culture (is absorbed into), losing their own original values and behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Historically speaking, discuss cultural differences

A

science has historically attributed differences between minorities and whites.

pathology and deficiency were associated with minorities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Arthur Jensen
what continued his line of thinking?

A

(think: Jen in Jensen = Genetic)

suggested genetic differences in intelligence

“The Bell Curve” by Hernstein and Murray, continued Jensen’s line of thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Cultural encapsulation

A

term coined by Gilbert Wrenn (think how a Wren bird encapsulates their nest).

refers to the tendency for counselors to inadvertently isolate themselves from cultural diversity by relying solely on their own cultural lens

Term refers to:
- substitution of model stereotypes for the real world
- disregarding cultural variations–believing in some universal notion of truth
- use of a technique-oriented definition (ex, a Gestalt therapist who only uses gestalt techniques with every client and every issue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is world view?
What are the types of world views?

A

refers to how an individual perceives his or her relationship to the world

2 Types of worldviews:

Etic: outsider’s perspective; belief that you need to udnerstand and help othrs from THEIR perspectives and THEIR culture (“et”=ExTernal, ouTside)

Emic: internal; belief that you have a global view of humanity; that we are more similar than different; focus on similarities. (“em”=me, insider perspective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

network therapy

A

a type of multicultural counseling that involves members of immediate and extended family and community (ie spiritual or religious leaders)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what did Atkinson suggest?

A

that traditional ‘time-bound, space bound, cathartic psychotherapy” may not be relevant to cross-cultural clients.

Instead, role of counselor should be one of advocate, change agent, consultant, advisor, facilitator of spiritual healing, facilitator of indigenous support systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Who were Ivey, D’Andrea, and Ivey

A

developed multicultural counseling theory that emphasized use of indigenous roles and to strike a balance bw individual, family and culture

Said most counseling reln’ps foster devpmt of new neurons and networks.
—>Cultural neuroscience

Ivey…&…Ivey= Balance bw individuals and family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

white counselors often have a _______ perspective and view of the world

A

eurocentric

44
Q

there is a need to ascertain the assumptions that cross-cultural clients bring, T/F?

A

True

45
Q

Counselors have underlying assumptions. What are they and who are they typically of?

A

Typically of white middle class counselors

  • concern and respect for uniqueness of client
  • emphasis on inherent worth and dignity for all
  • priority on helping others reach self-determined goals
  • valuing freedom and oppty to explore one’s characteristics
  • future oriented promise of a better life
46
Q

Characteristics of Counseling

A

2 Cs and an L

Culture-bound values: tends to be individually centered w/ expressiveness (behavioral, emotional), w/defined communication patterns, openness, and intimacy

Class-bound values: strict adherence to a time schedule, ambiguous/unstructured approach to problems, seeking long-range goals/solutions

Language variables: English is the standard, focus on verbal communication

47
Q

What are some issues of culture and class?

A

Normative- every culture has its own norms

Structuring - may be necessary to define the session, roles of client and counselor

Counter- and -transference - feelings and attitudes of each other likely to be present

Language

Personalism (some ppl may want to get to know you first)

Diagnosis - sensitivity needed here as what’s strange to the counselor may be normal to the client. Want to avoid labeling or judging.

48
Q

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model

A

A conceptual framework to help understand attitudes and behaviors of culturally different clients

5 Stages of Development of Minority Individuals:
1. Conformity- self-depreciation attitude and identification w/majority

  1. Dissonance - self-concept is challenged; conflict bw appreciating and depreciating the self
  2. Resistance and Immersion - accepts/endorses minority views and rejects the majority’s–>leads to self-appreciating
  3. Introspection - moves from the intensity of the R&I stage and becomes concerned w/basis of self-appreciating
  4. Integrative Awareness - appreciates aspects of minority and dominant cultures
49
Q

Janet Helms

A

speaks of ego statuses for racial/cultural identify development, rather than stages.

suggests a dynamic evolution instead of static or types.

occurs for whites, too.

50
Q

White Identity Development model

A

whites may go through similar racial/cultural identify development bc they experience societal forces too

some stages of racial/cultural ID model possible for whites–>nonracist identity emerges

51
Q

Competencies in cross-cultural counselor training should include….?

A

skills component
affective component
consciousness raising component
knowledge component

52
Q

What is Systemic Eclecticism and who founded it?

A

psychotherapy framework founded by Gerard Egan

method for counselors to choose treatment options based on client’s specific problems and life situations.

Counselors choose treatment methods based on 4 factors:
- client characteristics
- context of treatment
- relationship variables
- specific strategies and techniques

53
Q

what are 2 types of empathy in terms of social/cultural that counselors should develop?

A

affective and cognitive

cognitive: learning about client’s background, life story, fears, aspirations, hopes

54
Q

What is the feminist approach to therapy?

A

directs awareness to the historical oppression, marginalization, and cultural limitations to which women have been subjected

55
Q

Women experience conflicts in their multiple roles, T/F?

A

true

56
Q

women are not any more susceptible to psychological problems than men, T/F?

A

false

57
Q

Socialization patterns for men

A

include being active, competitive, emotionally unresponsive

58
Q

what are some considerations when counseling men?

A

-goal-oriented
-life responsibilities more clearly defined
-words less revealing about their inner world
-tend to rely on cognition vs affect to solve problems
-may benefit from group work

59
Q

What % of American adults are lesbian/gay/bi?

A

4.5%

60
Q

What is DOMA?

A

Defense of Marriage Act. It was federal law that defined marriage as a union bw a man and woman that was deemed UNCONSTITUTIONAL by supreme court in 2013

61
Q

All state-level bans on _______ were declared unconstitutional in _______?

A

same-sex marriage, 2015

62
Q

What percent of Fortune 500 companies protect their employees’ sexual orientation?

A

91%

63
Q

Name of the support network in middle and high schools for LBGTQ?

In how many schools are they?

A

Gender and Sexualities (GSA) Network clubs

over 4,000 schools

64
Q

Social Influence model of counseling

A

Stanley Strong (TEA in a Stanley Cup; influence of the audience)
- viewed counseling as an interpersonal influence process

Counselee may view counselor as:

Trustworthy: client views the counselor as wanting to help

Expert: counselor has training, experience, special knowledge

Attractive: being similar to the client; client wants counselor approval

65
Q

What are the acronyms for desirable and undesirable clients?

A

YAVIS: Young, Attractive, Verbal, Intelligent, Successful

QUOID: Quiet, Ugly, Old, Indigent, Dissimilar culturally

66
Q

What is the concept of internal-external control?

A

founded by J. Rotter (Rot from the inside-out)

Internal control: belief that rewards and satisfaction are contingent on own actions; people shape their own fate (I have control)

External control: events occur independently of own actions; future shaped by chance or luck (events out of my control, they just occur)

67
Q

What is attribution theory?

A

the explanations (causal attributions) we offer for outcomes influence our future expectancies of success and motivationto succeed

how the social perceiver uses information to arrive at causal explanations for events. It examines what information is gathered and how it is combined to form a causal judgment.

For example, is someone angry because they are bad-tempered or because something bad happened?

68
Q

Explain disability vs handicap

A

Disability: actual physical or mental limitation

Handicap: exists if the disability impacts performance in >1 of life’s major roles bc of some barrier (eg, needing a ramp to access place of employment)

69
Q

What are some other conceptualizations of “handicap?”

A

other-abled
physically challenged
mentally challenged

70
Q

What is IDEA?

A

Individual Disabilities and Education Improvement Act of 2004

replaced in 1997 the PL94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children’s Act

IDEA 2004 includes:
- free, appropriate public education for children 3-21
- those w/handicaps placed in least restrictive environment
- ea person has individualized education plan (IED)
- children attending private schools or institutions w/qualifying disabilities also eligible

  • provides supplemental funds to communities for services for eligible children from birth to 2 if state meets reqmts

State reqmts: children w/disabilities be placed/educated w/other children who do not have disabilities

71
Q

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

A

Recommendations.

72
Q

______ helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement.

A

The civil rights movement

73
Q

What are some facts about teen suicide?

A

2nd leading cause of death for ppl 10-34 y/o

~5k adolescents kill themselves annually

American Indian and Alaskan natives most apt to suicide

More girls attempt suicide than boys but boys are more successful (~80% of all suicides)

the suicide rate IN GENERAL increased in less urban-more rural areas vs. more urban areas (perhaps due to fewer mental health resources)

74
Q

What is the National Suicide Prevention #?

A

988

75
Q

What was the ADA?

A

American w/Disabilities Act of 1990

  • prohibits employers of >15 employees from discriminating against employing the disabled (including substance abusers, those in AA)
  • prohibits discrimination in public and private transportation and public facilities
76
Q

What % of the US population has varying disabiliies?

A

12.6%

77
Q

At 65, how long is a person’s life expectancy?

A

18 yrs

78
Q

By 2060, what % of the population will older adults comprise?

A

23%

79
Q

Characteristics of older adults

A
  • physical impairment bw 60-70
  • intellectual decline in 70s is possible
  • personality traits remain stable
  • 10% have depression or mental illness
  • few older adults receive mental health services
80
Q

What are some typical issues older adults face?

A

loss, retirement, increase in leisure time, physical changes, changing family roles (esp dealing with adult children)

81
Q

We (counselors) help older adult…

A
  • build and maintain positive attitude of their worth and dignity
  • educate society and advocate for change in attitudes about obsolescence
  • use a problem solving approach
  • use a structured life review to integrate the past and prepare for future
82
Q

Characteristics Older WORKERS

A

-tend to have longer unemployment periods
- intellectual functioning is not impaired
- persistent and progressive decline on speeded tasks
- age is related positively to job satisfaction
- increased need for security and affiliation

83
Q

Re family abuse and violence, who are the most at-risk children?

A

those from families under stress (ie single parent, low resources)

84
Q

What types of kids are more likely to be abused?

A

hyperactive, ill, premature, defiant

85
Q

Bc of COVID 19, the CDC says violence and suicide w/in families may be triggered bc of what?

A
  • social isolation/lack of support
  • lack of physical space/time alone
  • physical, emotional, financial, stress
  • lack of childcare
  • loss of job/income
  • depression or anxiety
  • substance abuse
  • decreased access to mental healthcare
86
Q

Spousal abuse and abuse of elderly family members or with disabilities tends to increase, T/F?

A

T

87
Q

What was the 21st Century Cures act and when was it enacted?

A

2016
addresses opioid crisis by providing funds for monitoring prescription drug and treatment programs

88
Q

What are some facts regarding the opioid crisis and the labor force?

A

directly impacts the labor force
- 50% of men in their prime work age and NOT in the labor force take Px painkillers daily

89
Q

What do comprehensive school programs geared toward teen suicide prevention entail?

A

trained staff
psychoeducation on:
- coping skills
- stress reduction
- self-esteem
- support groups
- crisis plan
- commty involvement

90
Q

Leon Festinger

A

(We don’t want dissonance to FESTER)

associated with Cognitive Dissonance, which is conflicting attitudes, beliefs, values

91
Q

Masters and Johnson

A

(MASTER [bate my] JOHNSON]
worked w/marital couples on sexual dysfunction
- believed sex dysfunction due to “critically watching and evaluating” one’s own performance–>they sought to reduce this evalutation

92
Q

Kubler-Ross

A

Said dying ppl experience feelings and behaviors such as: (DABDA)

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

(5 Stages of grief)
Also, ppl may revisit or cycle back through any stage at any time before moving on.

caregivers’ conscious or unconscious concerns could be issue to the dying person in moving through these stages

93
Q

When a discrepancy exists bw verbal and nonverbal language, which one does the counselor believe?

A

nonverbal

94
Q

Paralanguage

A

other vocal cues (ie loudness, pause, silence, rate of speech, inflection)

95
Q

Mediation

A

may present new methods of solution

may present a sol’n that would not be acceptable unless presented by a 3rd party

96
Q

Assertiveness training promotes____?

A
  • an ability to express all emotions
  • capacity to express one’s rights w/o denying others’ rights
  • distinction between aggression and assertion
97
Q

Androgyny

A
  • everybody has both male/female characteristics
  • androgynous counseling helps clients find/uncover male and female characteristics
98
Q

Sandra Bem

A
  • Associated w/androgyny
  • BEM sex-role inventory
  • found ~30% of children are androgynous
99
Q

define Accountability

A
  • justifying activities engaged in to those served and those who finance their work
100
Q

Program Accountability

A
  • origins in govt
  • accty argues for performance evaluation
101
Q

The three factors that enhance interpersonal attractiveness

A

close proximity
physical attraction
similar beliefes

102
Q

Contextualism implies that..

A

behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

103
Q

Frustration-Aggression theory is associated with who? What is it?

A

John Dollard and Neal Miller
Frustration occurs when one is blocked from reaching an intended goal (or the goal is removed) and this frustration–>aggression

104
Q

What is the concept of balance theory?

A

Suggests that ppl strive consistency/balance in their beliefs. Ppl want to reduce or eliminate inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs

aka Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory

105
Q

How is dissonance often reduced?

A

through denial

106
Q

Difference between mores and folkways?

A

mores beliefs and social customs regarding the right/wrongness of behavior

folkways: describe normal behavior (like mores) but breaking folkways–>embarrassment, while breaking mores causes harm or threatens existence to a group

ex folkway: drinking soup from a bowl as an american
ex more: killing people

107
Q

First pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues

A

frank parsons, the father of guidance
wrote Choosing a Vocation

NCE (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions