Counseling & Helping Relationships Flashcards
Re Helping Relationships, what does research say is the determining factor of counseling success?
the counseling relationship
What are the ‘core’ elements to building a counseling relationship?
4 core elements:
- Human: Carl Rogers identified respect, empathy, genuineness (Rogers’ rrrrreg)
- Social: competence, power, intimacy. Stanley Strong identified trustworthiness, attractiveness, and expertise in his social influence model
- Skills: Allen Ivey identified attending, inquiry, reflection (“Allen Iverson in the AIR”)
- Theory: helps counselors understand self with relationship and skills; helps them identify client problems and effective interventions
Neo-Freudians
A number of psychoanalysts who moved away from Freud’s theory on the id as the driving psychological force. No id or superego, no sex driver
- Emphasized the ego instead - including psychodynamic and sociodynamic forces
(think: What the HEK? re freud’s theory)
Harry Stack Sullivan (think We stack each other on each other)
- a social systems (interpersonal) approach helps us understand human behavior. Behavior best understood via social interactions, not as mechanistic or linear.
Erich Fromm (think 2Ms joining together)
- one must join w/others to develop self-fulfillment (social character). Otherwise–>becomes lonely, nonproductive. Society offers oppty’s to practice mutual love & respect
Karen Horney
- security is major motivation and one feels anxious when not achieved.
- Irrational ways to mend disrupted reln’s–>becomes neurotic needs
Other Neo Freudians (think “3Rs in TOW”)
Theodore Reik
Otto Rank
Wilheim Reich
Gestalt
- overview
- concepts
- counselor’s role
- techniques
- books
-frederick ‘fritz’ perls
- based on EXISTENTIAL PRINCIPLES, here and now focus, holistic systems viewpoint
Premise: ppl have needs. When a need is in the forefront it represents the “figure,” while others are the ground (ie background). As the need is met, it completes the ‘gestalt’ and a new need takes its place. Goal is to become a whole person, completing the gestalt.
Key concepts: personal responsibility, unfinished business, awareness of the now
Counselor encourages client to stay w/feelings and finish business
Techniques: role playing, chair techniques, dream work
Interpretation is done by the client, not the counselor
Books by Perls:
Gestalt Therapy Verbatim
In and Out of the Garbage Can
Person-Centered
- Premise
- Critical concepts
- focus of counseling
- counselor’s role
client focused (Rogerian)
Rogers was against the therapist-as-expert model and instead emphasized the client’s phenomenological (experiential) world
Critical concepts: process of becoming, moving to self-actualization, reln’p bw client and counselor
Focus of counseling: on feelings, from past to present
Counselor’s role: showing unconditional positive regard, genuineness (congruence), empathic understanding–these are the core or facilitative conditions of effective counseling
Books
Counseling & Psychotherapy (1942)
Client Centered Therapy (1951)
On Becoming a Person (1961)
What were Carl Rogers’ main books?
Counseling & Psychotherapy (1942)
Client Centered Therapy (1951)
On Becoming a Person (1961)
Object-Relations Theory
Based on psychoanalytic concepts
- are interpersonal relnp’s as represented intraphysically
- freud used the term ‘object’ to mean a significant person or thing that’s the target of one’s feelings or drives (ie seeing a person as ‘good’ or ‘bad’)
- object relations are interpersonal reln’ps that shape one’s interactions w/ppl both in reality and fantasy
4 Stages of Development Important in first three years of life:
- autism/Fusion w/mother: normal infantile autism (3-4 weeks)
- Symbiosis: w/mother (3-8 months)
- Separation/Individual: starts at 4th or 5th month
- Constancy of self and object: by 36months
Progressing through the stages provides basis for secure development and trust that needs will be met
Attachment, borderline, and narcissistic disorders may occur w/abnormal progression through stages
Books
Margaret Mahler
- wrote ‘Psychological Birth of Human Infant
Heinz Kohut
Otto Kernberg
Authors associated with object relations theory?
Think Mho; we Mahl objects
Margaret Mahler
- wrote ‘Psychological Birth of Human Infant
Heinz Kohut
Otto Kernberg
Individual Psychology
- overview
- goals
- techniques
Alfred Adler, Rudolph Dreikurs
- belief in individual uniqueness
- influenced by social factors
- ea person has a sense of inferiority and strives for superiority
- we choose a lifestyle, a unified life plan, that gives meaning to our experience, which includes habits, family, career, attitudes
Counseling Goals
- Help client understand lifestyle and identify social and commty interests
- explain clients to themselves
- overcome inferiority
Techniques
- those leading to insight (ie, life stories, homework assignments, paradoxical intentions)
Transactional Analysis
- overview
- types of transactions
- goal of TA
- techniques
- books
Eric Berne
(BURNing yourself on the stove is a tx; when we complete a transaction we move on to the next; games are transactions)
- personality has 3 ego states: parent, child, adult
- life script develops in childhood and influences one’s behavior.
- many transactions characterized as games to avoid intimacy (think “ea transaction writes a new part of one’s life script”)
Complementary transactions
- Adult: adult, leads to good communication
Crossed transactions
- adult: child or child: parent, leads to barriers to comms
Goal of TA: teach the client the language and ideas of TA to recognize ego state functioning and analyze one’s transactions
Techniques: teaching concepts, helping diagnose, interpretation, use of contracts and confrontation
Books
Games People Play (Berne)
I’m Okay, You’re Okay (Thomas Harris)
Existential Therapy
- Premise
- Concepts
- Goal
- Techniques
(Think “VIR –>VERY existential”)
Victor Frankl, Irvin Yalom, Rollo May
- based on phenomenology, which is the study of direct experience (~person centered)
Premise
- we search for meaning
- we have freedom of choice and are responsible for our fate
- we struggle with being alone, unconnected from others (we EXIST w/others)
Main Concepts
-anxiety: the threat of non-being
- guilt: occurs when we fail to fulfill our potential
Goal: to understand one’s being, one’s awareness of who one is and who one’s becoming (Very similar to Person-centered in this sense)
- awareness of freedom and choosing responsibility are other goals
Techniques
- authentic reln’p important
- client centered
Logotherapy
Type of existential therapy developed by Victor Frankl
3 principles:
- motivation to find meaning in life
- freedom to choose (what to do, think, react)
- w/freedom of choice comes personal responsibility
Book by Margaret Mahler
‘Psychological Birth of Human Infant
Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy
- pioneers
- basis of theory
- goals
- counselor role
- techniques
(think
Pioneers:
Aaron Beck
Albert Bandura
Donald Meichenbaum
Joseph Wolpe
Albert Ellis (REBT)
Arnold Lazarus (Multimodal)
Basis of theory:
- stimulus-response and stimulus-organisim-response paradigms are basis of theory
- behavior is learned and can be unlearned and relearned
Goals:
-identify antecedents of behavior and reinforcements maintaining that behavior
- goals are typically behaviorally stated
Counselor Role
- create learning conditions, direct intervention
Techniques
- operant and classical conditioning
- social modeling
- problem solving
- direct trng
- reinforcement and decision making
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
- background
- principles
- skills
- techniques
Marsha Linehan
developed initially to treat borderline personality disorder
- now used widely to treat TBIs, eating disorders, mood disorders
- used w/adolescents (and families, if applicable) and adults
- A group component typically complements individual work
Basic Principles
- include typical cognitive behavioral principles
- helping clients increase cognitive and emotional regulation by learning their triggers
- dialectical principle of learning 2 sides of situations. Eg: need to accept change and recognizing resistance to change
- Long term intervention b/c it requires the learning, practicing, and acquiring of new skills
DBT Skills
- Mindfulness
- Distress Tolerance: accepting and tolerating oneself and the situation, despite the pain, without evaluation
- Interpersonal Effectiveness: strategies for asking for what one wants, saying no, dealing with personal conflict
- Emotion Regulation: identifying emotions and obstacles to changing them, decreasing vulnerability, increasing positive emotions
Techniques
- Diary Cards (tracking interfering emotions)
- Chain Analysis (analzying sequential events that lead to behavior)
- The dynamics of the milieu or culture of the client’s group
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
- basis
- major concepts
- techniques
Albert Ellis
- It’s not the events themselves but one’s interpretation of them
- Ppl have potential for rational thinking. In childhood, we learn irrational beliefs and then constantly re-indoctrinate them–>leads to inappropriate affect & behavior
- teaches that (-) self talk is the source of emotional disturbance
Major Concepts
- belief system
- self-talk
- ‘crooked thinking’
- ABCDE system
A: external event (activity/action)
B: belief (self-verbalization/self-talk)
C: consequence (may be rational or irrational)
D: dispute the irrational belief causing the affect/behavior
E: effect (cognitive)–a change in the self-talk
Techniques
- role playing
- imagery
Reality Therapy
- basis
- key concept
- characteristics
William Glasser (seeing reality through glass)
based on choice therapy but he referred to it Reality
- assumes we need quality reln’ps to be happy
- psych. problems are the result of resisting the control by others or of our attempt to control others
- choice theory is an explanation of human nature and to best achieve satisfying relnp’s.
- individuals choose their own fate and are in charge of their own lives (~existential)
- we act to control the world around us and the world helps us satisfy our needs. we may not satisfy our needs directly.
- perceptions control behavior and we behave to fill our needs
5 Genetically-based needs:
- survival
- love and belonging
- power or achievement
- freedom or independence
- fun
Key Concept: taking responsibility
Characteristics of choice therapy:
- choice & responsibility
- reject transference by being oneself
- keep therapy in present (past not critical)
- focus on how to meet needs, not on symptoms
- solution-focused approach; challenge traditional mental illness model
- assumes we need quality relationships to be happy
WDEP
- developed by Robert Wubbolding to help learn Reality Therapy
W= exploring the clients’ WANTS related to perceived needs
D= DISCUSS actions and feelings
E= self-EVALUATION by clients of their behavior
P= PLANNING to effect change (following E)
Multimodal Therapy
- premise
- techniques
Arnold Lazarus
- holistic, sometimes considered eclectic approach
- strong behavioral ties
- address 7 interactive modalities. Assessing all 7 determines total human functioning
7 Modalities represented through BASIC ID:
B=behaviors (acts, habits, reactions)
A=affect
S= sensations
I=images (how we see ourselves, memories, dreams)
C= cognitions ( insights, philosophies, ideas)
I= interpersonal reln’ps
D= drugs (represents biology, including nutrition)
Techniques
- uses various theoretical perspectives
- anxiety mgmt trng
- modeling
- (+) imagery
- relaxation trng
- assertiveness trng
- biofeedback
- hypnosis
- bibliotherapy
- thought stopping
Famous books on TA
Games People Play (Berne)
I’m Okay, You’re Okay (Thomas Harris)
Robert Wubbolding
developed WDEP to help therapists learn Reality Therapy
W= exploring the clients’ WANTS related to perceived needs
D= DISCUSS actions and feelings
E= self-EVALUATION by clients of their behavior
P= PLANNING to effect change (following E)
Characteristics of choice therapy
- choice & responsibility
- reject transference by being oneself
- keep therapy in present (past not critical)
- focus on how to meet needs, not on symptoms
- solution-focused approach; challenge traditional mental illness model
Feminist Theory
No single author
started from women’s mvmt in 60s
Basic Principles: (starts with the person, what are they committed to? how are they heard? what characterizes the reln when they are (heard)? What is the focus?)
- Person is political and critical consciousness
- roots of oppression are political and societal–>leads to marginalization, oppression, stereotyping - Commitment to social change
- therapy is for society, not just for individual - Value women’s voices, knowledge, and (oppressed) experience.
- central perspective is female (vs male) - Counseling reln’p is egalitarian
- client is expert; oppression recognized; therapy=collaborative - Focus on strengths, redefining psychological distress
- intraphysical factors only part of the pain experienced. Psychological distress=communication about unjust systems; Oppressive systems reframed as survival strategies
Techniques (GESP BARGS)
gender-role analysis
empowering techniques
self-nurturance
power analysis and intervention
bibiotherapy
assertiveness trng
reframing and relabeling
groups
social action
