Human Growth & Development Flashcards
What were Freud’s stages? Describe each.
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genitalia.
Oral: birth-1.5yrs; gratification via the mouth and upper digestive tract
Anal: 1.5-3yrs; Sphincter control and bowel movements
Phallic: 3-6yrs. Goal is resolution of Oedipus complex; leads to devpmt of superego and ability to experience guilt
Latency: 6-10yrs; Sublimation of Oedipus complex; expresses sexually-aggressive drives in socially acceptable ways
Genital: 10yrs+; acceptance of genitalia and concern for others’ wellbeing
What is an Oedipus complex?
Desire for the parent of the opposite sex, resentment of parent of same sex
What is sublimation?
converting unacceptable behavior to sth acceptable
Ex: Student gets into many arguments so he joins the debate team
What is displacement?
Transferring emotions from one thing to another
What is Repression?
Unconscious method of blocking painful memories or impulses
What is suppression?
Conscious method of ignoring painful emotions or impulses
What is Compensation?
Making up for sth I don’t have
What is Intellectualization?
Removing emotion and discussing sth in a detached way
What is conversion?
Mental conflict converted to a physical symptom
What is reaction formation?
Over-compensation for fear of the opposite; Forming opposite rx to how one actually feels
What is introjection?
If PROjection is an outward focus, INTROjection is an inward focus.
Ex: Internalizing bully behavior bc you see others do it
What is projection?
Shifting blame or responsibility for one’s thoughts/actions to someone else.
Ex: You do poorly on a test and blame the teacher for writing an unfair test.
According to Freud, what influenced behavior?
The environment, social, and 4 unconscious elements (“DDDW”):
1. Covert Desires
2. Dreams
3. Defenses
4. Unconscious Wishes
According to Freud, what were the 3 levels of the mind? Describe each.
Conscious: thoughts and ideas within our awareness
Preconscious: thoughts and ideas outside of our immediate awareness but within our reach
Unconscious: thoughts and ideas outside of our awareness and sth we can’t access alone
What is the focus of psychoanalysis, per Freud?
The unconscious past; repressed desires, defenses, dreams, and wishes
Describe Freud’s theory of personality development
Id: present at birth, “pleasure principle” of gratification; the “devil”; irrational and illogical, seat of sex and aggression
Ego: Moderates the id and superego; rational, logical, “reality principle”
Superego: Develops last, the “angel,” morals, ethics, justice
Who was Maslow and what was his theory?
-Abraham Maslow
- coined the term “positive psychology”
-Humanistic psychologist
-Hierarchy of needs viewed motivation in terms of Needs and Wants
- only studied high performers for his self-actualization dilemma; avoided the “psychology of the average”
Describe Maslow’s pyramid.
Pyramid starts on bottom with:
5. physiological needs (sleep, sex, food, shelter, clothes)
4. safety and security (freedom from physical/psychological threat)
3. Love/belonging: connection, caring, support, intimacy
2. Esteem: self worth, respect from others
1. Self actualization: realizing potential
- The pyramid is epigenetic, which means one must “unlock” the lower level before progressing to the next
Who was Jean Piaget? Was his research formal or informal?
- swiss psychologist
- continuous development theory, children
- idiographic approach (examined individuals, rather than nomothetic which studies groups [eg., DSM, behaviorism])
- Worked with Binet (French, created 1st intelligence test)
- Informal research based on his own kids
What is conservation, per Piaget?
Occurs in the concrete stage along with counting
Refers to the learning that a substance doesn’t change in mass, weight, or volume even if its shape changes
According to Piaget, in what order to kids learn the elements of conservation?
1 Mass
2 Weight
3 Volume
Who was Jay Haley?
Jay Haley HAILED from Strategic an Problem Solving therapy
- the “technique of paradox”
- Learned from Milton Erickson
Who was Arnold Lazarus?
his initials AL–>multimodAL therapy
- Pioneer in behavior therapy
- Systematic desensitization (used to for phobias)
Who was Robert Perry?
The “RR”–>DUAListic thinking and relativistic thinking.
- Known for Three stage Theory of intellectual (cognitive) and ethical devlpmt (esp w/college students:
- Dualistic thinking: binary, good and bad, right and wrong
- Relativistic thinking: the problem/solution is relative to the situation; adulthood; acknowledge uncertainty and ok with it
- Commitment to relativism: understand diff’t perspectives, make commitments, commitments may be contradictory
William Perry developed his “Scheme of Intellectual and Ethical Development” based on his studies of college students. The scheme consists of four general categories with 3 positions within each category.
• Category 1 is Dualism and is divided into Basic and Full. Students in the basic position believe authorities know the truth, but in the full position begin to realize that not all authorities know all the truth.
Category 2 is Multiplicity and is divided into Early and Late positions. Students in this category come to believe that any opinion is as good as any other and realize that there is more than one approach to solving a problem.
Who was Robert Kegan
‘Keegles are constructive and interpersonal’
- Known for adult cognitive devlpmt
- Constructive model of development (reality is constructed through one’s lifespan)
What do radical behaviorists NOT believe in? What do they prefer?
they DON’T believe in the id, ego, superego or mental constructs (mind, consciousness); DO believe in metrics
T/: Erikson was psychosocial and focused on the ego
True
Who was Milton Erickson?
Brief psychotherapy; hypnosis
T/F: Erikson is the only theorist to develop a theory that covers one’s entire lifespan.
True
What are Freud’s 3 adult personality types?
Oral - infantile, demanding, dependent, Oral gratification
Anal - stinginess, rigid routines, excessive accumulation
Phallic- selfish sexual exploitation of others, disregard for others’ needs/concerns
(remember the penis is a big “I” for selfish)
2 elements that contribute to personality development (Freud)
Natural growth and maturation (biological, hormonal, time-dependent processes)
Learning and experience - resolving conflict, reducing anxiety, managing frustration
causes of psychopathology (Freud)
undevelopment in all 5 stages; over- /under-gratification in one can cause fixation.
If development frustration occurs at later stage–> then regression occurs
what forms one’s mental state (freud)?
the reciprocal exchange of Cathexis and Anti-cathexis, which is the energy of impulse, urge and the restriction of, respectively.
Who was Erikson and what was his theory?
German psychologist
that relationships influence one’s search for identity
earlier stages provide the basis for later stages (eg., if a child doesn’t establish their identity in adolescence then they’ll have reln problems as adults)
What is the mneumonic for Erikson’s stages?
What are the stages and ages of each?
My Sexy Girl In Red Is Selling Drugs
1) Trust vs Mistrust (birth-1.5yrs)
2) Autonomy vs Shame (1.5-3yrs)
3) Initiative vs Guilt (3-6yrs)
4) Industry vs Inferiority (6-11)
5) Identity vs Role Confusion (12-20)
6) Intimacy vs Isolation (20-40yrs)
7) Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65)
8) Ego integrity vs Despair (65-death)
Erikson’s first stage
Trust vs Mistrust
Infant develops sense of trust in self and others. If they don’t–>WITHDRAWAL
*reln: mother
Erikson’s 2nd stage
Autonomy vs Shame (1.5-3yrs)
Goal is mastering physical skills (toilet training, mobility)
*event: toilet training
*reln: parents
learns to exercise autonomous will–>identity bldg and courage to be independent.
Failure to do so–>SHAME & DOUBT
self control is learned
Erikson’s 3rd stage
Initiative vs Guilt (3-6)
*Event: independence
*Reln: family
More assertive physically, verbally; more curious (“Why?”)
If shows too much force–>feelings of guilt
A preschooler in this stage, learns to start tasks and carry out plans. If not, the preschooler feels bad about his/her efforts to be independent and feels like a nuisance to others.
Success=child has purpose to what he does
Failure at this stage–>denial, self-restriction
Erikson’s 4th stage
Industry vs Inferiority (6-10ish)
*Event: school
*Reln: teachers, friends, neighborhood
Takes pride in accomplishments, develops sense of achievement.
Failure at this stage: sense of inferiority, incompetence
Erikson’s 5th stage
Identity vs Role Confusion (12-20)
*event: development of peer reln’s
*reln: peers, groups, social influences
Goal is to create an identity in occupation, gender roles, politics, religion. If failure occurs–>identity confusion, estrangement, excessive conformity, rebelliousness, idealism
Erikson’s 6th stage
Intimacy vs Isolation (20-40)
*Event: parenting
*Reln: Loves, friends, colleagues
Goal is to develop intimate relns via work and social.
If fail–>isolation, fears intimacy and commitment
Erikson’s 7th stage
Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65)
*event: parenting
*relns: children and community
Goal is giving back; leaving a legacy, guiding the next generation.
Failure leads to stagnation exemplified through self-indulgence, over-extension, anxiety
Erikson’s 8th stage
Ego Integrity vs Despair (65-death)
*Event: reflection and acceptance of life
Goal is to create meaning and purpose of one’s life.
Failure–> despair (not having enough time to start a new life), fear of death, regret
What are Erikson’s ego strengths? List them.
“He Will Probably Come Fast Literally Can’t Wait”
Hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, wisdom
Describe the concept of Erikson’s ego strength.
Ego mediates irrational id impulses
derived from his 8 stage
Ego strength is result of overcoming crises in ea stage
assessed through questioning and observation
What is maturation theory?
- behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, and certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment.
- individual’s neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold. Ex: a child must be ready before he or she can accept a certain level of education (e.g., kindergarten)
- A counselor who believes in this concept strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives.
The client’s childhood and the past are seen as important therapeutic topics.
Arnold Gesell?
Maturationist
Pioneer in using a one-way mirror to observe children
(The two ll’s in Gesell is like two people standing facing each other through a two-way mirror; the mature one is watching the other)
Who founded the first intelligence test?
Alfred Binet (France)
What was Jean Piaget’s theory?
Cognitive development is progressive through 4 stages:
Sensorimotor: Birth -2yrs
Pre-Operational: 2-7yrs
Concrete operational: 7-11
Formal operational: 11+
Describe the sensorimotor stage.
Piaget’s Sensorimotor. Birth to 2yrs,
task is object permanence (drive the motor to find the ball)
(“Peekaboo!”; find the ball); curious, fine and gross motor skills
What are the key concepts (think terms) of Piaget’s theory?
(AOAA)
Action. An overt behavior
Operation. Type of action or internalized thought
Activity in Development. Child is an active contributor to his personality and universe; he interacts w/environment, modifies it, and constructs reality
Adaptation. Includes assimilation and accommodation
What is accommodation per Piaget?
Adapting (oneself) to the characteristics of the subject (ie., I must accommodate new info into my schema when I see a cat for first time and not call it a dog–I’m learning sth new and creating a new schema for it)
What is assimilation per Piaget?
“Similar”
Incorporating external reality into existing schema (ie, I see a new breed of dog that I fit into my existing schema of ‘dogs’)
who coined the term “identity crisis”?
Erik Erikson
Describe Piaget’s Pre-Operational stage
2-7yrs
Tip: “Pre” operational because imagination PREcedes reality; must imagine sth before concretely doing it
symbolic reasoning (equating the golden arches w/McDonald’s); egocentric, magical thinking (tooth fairy, animism…)
Describe Piaget’s Concrete Operational stage
7-11yrs
Can CONCRETELY organized objects in order
-thinks “concretely” (ie literal)
-task is conservation
-some logical thinking but still very concrete (not abstract)
-can think outside oneself
-Reversibility (if 5+3=8 then 8-3=5)
Describe Piaget’s Formal Operational stage
11+,
can hypothesize, consider hypothetical problems, thinks abstractly, philosophize, morality,
use deductive reasoning to go from general to specific
develop empathy
