Social Cognition (Chapter 6)

Question 1

Attitude

Answer 1

an evaluation a person makes about a object, person, group, event or issue

Question 2

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 2

the psychological tension that occurs when our thoughts feelings and/ or behaviours do not align.

Question 3

Cognitive bias

Answer 3

conscious systematic tendencies to interpret information in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality.

Question 4

confirmation bias

Answer 4

the tendency to search for and accept information that supports our prior beliefs or behaviors and ignores contradicting information.

Question 5

stereotyping

Answer 5

process of grouping or fitting people into a category based on their characteristics.

Question 6

prejudice

Answer 6

negative preconceptions held against people within a certain group or social category.

Question 7

majority group

Answer 7

social group consider to have the most power in a particular place

Question 8

minority group

Answer 8

social group considered to have less power compared to the majority group.

Question 9

discrimination

Answer 9

refers to negative behavior that is directed towards a social group and its members.

Question 10

direct discrimination

Answer 10

can be obserevd when someone is being treated unfairly because of their association with a particular group.

Question 11

indirect discrimination

Answer 11

a practice or rule applied to all people that unfairly disadvantages one group.

Question 12

blumes four charcateristics of the majority group

Answer 12

1. tend to believe they are superior to the minority group
   2.tend to believe the minority group is different to them.
   3.tend to believe they are more powerful and important than the minority group.
2. show insecurity, fearing the minority group may become more powerful and important.

Question 13

stigma

Answer 13

a negative label associated with disapproval or rejection by others who are not labelled in the same way.

Question 14

social- stigma

Answer 14

the disapproval of or, discrimination against an individual or group based on perceived characteristics that serve to distinguish them from other members of a society

Question 15

self-stigma

Answer 15

the negative attitudes including internalized shame that people may have about themselves and their condition.

Question 16

mental wellbeing

Answer 16

an individuals current state of mind includes their ability to think, process information and regulate emotion

Question 17

self efficacy

Answer 17

an individuals belief in their ability to achieve and reach specific goals.

Question 18

classical conditioning

Answer 18

refers to a form of learning that occurs through the association of two or more diffent stimuli

Question 19

operant conditioning

Answer 19

a learning process by which the likelihood of that behavior occurring is determined by the consequences of that behavior.

Question 20

Observational learning

Answer 20

this is when someone uses the observation of another person’s actions and their consequences to guide their future actions.

Question 21

person perception

Answer 21

the diffrent mental processes used to understand and form impressions of other people.

Question 22

halo effect

Answer 22

the tendancy for the impressions we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall belief about the person on other respects in a positive way.

Question 23

horn effect

Answer 23

the tendency for the impressions we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall belief about the person in other a respects a negative way.

Question 24

what is in the tri-component model

Answer 24

affect
behavioral
cognitive

Question 25

actor-observer bias

Answer 25

the tendency to attribute our own actions to external factors while attributing other peoples actions to internal factors

Question 26

self-serving bias

Answer 26

the tendancy to attribute positive succeses to our internal character and attribute our failures to external or situational stimuli

Question 27

fundamental attribution error

Answer 27

where we overemphasize internal factors and underemphasizes situational factors in explaining other people’s behavior.

Question 28

just world hypothesis

Answer 28

a tendency to believe that the world is a fair place and that people tend to get what they deserve.

Question 29

operant conditioning

Answer 29

A learning process by which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour.

Question 30

heuristics

Answer 30

information processing startegies or mental shortcuts that enable individuals to to form judgments, make decisions, and solve problems quickly and effciently

Question 31

anchoring heuristic

Answer 31

forming judgemnts based on the first information reicieved about an idea or concept

Question 32

availibility heuristics

Answer 32

form judgments, solve a problem, or make a decision based on information that is easily accessible.

Question 33

representative heuristics

Answer 33

make a categorized judgment about an idea, event or person based on their similarity to other items in that category.

Question 34

affect heuristics

Answer 34

using emotions to make a judgment, decision or problem solve.

Question 35

what are the five concepts for observational learning to occur

Answer 35

• attention
• retention
• reproduction
• motivation
• reinforcement

Question 36

what are the 3 criteria for attitude formation?

Answer 36

1. an evaluation of something
2. settled and stable
3. learnt through experience