Social Cognition (Chapter 6) Flashcards
Attitude
an evaluation a person makes about a object, person, group, event or issue
Cognitive dissonance
the psychological tension that occurs when our thoughts feelings and/ or behaviours do not align.
Cognitive bias
conscious systematic tendencies to interpret information in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality.
confirmation bias
the tendency to search for and accept information that supports our prior beliefs or behaviors and ignores contradicting information.
stereotyping
process of grouping or fitting people into a category based on their characteristics.
prejudice
negative preconceptions held against people within a certain group or social category.
majority group
social group consider to have the most power in a particular place
minority group
social group considered to have less power compared to the majority group.
discrimination
refers to negative behavior that is directed towards a social group and its members.
direct discrimination
can be obserevd when someone is being treated unfairly because of their association with a particular group.
indirect discrimination
a practice or rule applied to all people that unfairly disadvantages one group.
blumes four charcateristics of the majority group
- tend to believe they are superior to the minority group
2.tend to believe the minority group is different to them.
3.tend to believe they are more powerful and important than the minority group. - show insecurity, fearing the minority group may become more powerful and important.
stigma
a negative label associated with disapproval or rejection by others who are not labelled in the same way.
social- stigma
the disapproval of or, discrimination against an individual or group based on perceived characteristics that serve to distinguish them from other members of a society
self-stigma
the negative attitudes including internalized shame that people may have about themselves and their condition.
mental wellbeing
an individuals current state of mind includes their ability to think, process information and regulate emotion
self efficacy
an individuals belief in their ability to achieve and reach specific goals.
classical conditioning
refers to a form of learning that occurs through the association of two or more diffent stimuli
operant conditioning
a learning process by which the likelihood of that behavior occurring is determined by the consequences of that behavior.
Observational learning
this is when someone uses the observation of another person’s actions and their consequences to guide their future actions.
person perception
the diffrent mental processes used to understand and form impressions of other people.
halo effect
the tendancy for the impressions we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall belief about the person on other respects in a positive way.
horn effect
the tendency for the impressions we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall belief about the person in other a respects a negative way.
what is in the tri-component model
affect
behavioral
cognitive
actor-observer bias
the tendency to attribute our own actions to external factors while attributing other peoples actions to internal factors
self-serving bias
the tendancy to attribute positive succeses to our internal character and attribute our failures to external or situational stimuli
fundamental attribution error
where we overemphasize internal factors and underemphasizes situational factors in explaining other people’s behavior.
just world hypothesis
a tendency to believe that the world is a fair place and that people tend to get what they deserve.
operant conditioning
A learning process by which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour.
heuristics
information processing startegies or mental shortcuts that enable individuals to to form judgments, make decisions, and solve problems quickly and effciently
anchoring heuristic
forming judgemnts based on the first information reicieved about an idea or concept
availibility heuristics
form judgments, solve a problem, or make a decision based on information that is easily accessible.
representative heuristics
make a categorized judgment about an idea, event or person based on their similarity to other items in that category.
affect heuristics
using emotions to make a judgment, decision or problem solve.
what are the five concepts for observational learning to occur
- attention
- retention
- reproduction
- motivation
- reinforcement
what are the 3 criteria for attitude formation?
- an evaluation of something
- settled and stable
- learnt through experience
