Key Science Skills (Chapter1) Flashcards
what is a within-subjects design
an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition
what is a between-subjects design?
an experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition
what is a mixed design
an experimental design which combines elements of within-subjects and between subjects designs
generalisation
the ability for a samples results to be used to make conclusions about the wider research population
what is a sample
a subset of the research population who participate in a study.
what is convenience sampling
any sampling technique that involves selecting readily available members of the population.
what is random sampling
any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected
what is stratified sampling
any sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population in away that ensures that its strata are proportionally represented in the sample.
what is an extraneous variable
any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.
what is a confounding variable
a variable that has directly and systematically affected the dependent variable, apart from the independent variable
what are the seven types of extraneous variables
participant-related variable
order effects
placebo effects
experimenter effects
situational variables
non-standardised instructions and procedures
demand characteristics
what is a participant related variable
characteristics of a study’s participants that may affect its results
what are non-standarised instructions and procedures
when directions and procedures differ across participants or experimental conditions
what are order effects
the tendency for the order in which participants complete experimental conditions to have an effect on their behavior
what is the placebo effeect
when participants respond to an inactive substance or treatment as a result of their expectations or beliefs.
what are experimenter effects
when the researcher themselves affect the outcome by giving subconscious clues about how to behave. this may involve asking leading questions that inform the participants of the desired result.
what are situational variables
any environmental factor that may affect the dependent variable
what are demand characteristics
cues in an experiment that may signal to the participant the intention of the study and influence their behavior.
what is counter balancing
a method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way
what is a single blind procedure
a procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental condition they have been allocated to
what is the double blind procedure
a procedure in which both the participant and the experimenter are unware of the experimental conditions participants have been allocated to.
how to control participant diffrences
-using a between subjects or within subjects design
- using triplets/twins
how to control order effects
-using between subjects
-counter balancing
how to control placebo affects
- single blind procedure
how to control experimenter effects
- double blind procedure
how to control environmental/situational factors
- control the environment where possible
how to control non-standarised instructions and procedures
- ensure standardization of instructions and procedures
how to control demand charactersitcs
- use deception
- between subjects design
- double blind procedure
repeatability
the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when carried out under identical conditions within a short period of time.
reproducibilty
the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when repeated under different conditions.
internal valididty
the extent to which an investigation truly measures or investigates what it claims to
external validity
the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings.
what are the 5 ethical concepts
- beneficence
- respect
- non-maleficence
- justice
- integrity
what is beneficence
is the consideration of the benefits or gains from research in relation to the risks.
what is non-maleficence
is the idea that any potential harm should be avoided and minimised as much as possible
what is justice
is the distribution of fair access to the benefits of research to everyone, ensuring that there is no burden on one group, and ensuring that any opposing claims are considered.
what is integrity
is the commitment to search for knowledge, and then honestly report info and findings.
what is respect
is the belief that everyone has value in regards to their welfare and beliefs, and has a right to make their own decisions.
what are ethical concepts
refer to the broad, moral guiding principles that people should consider when conducting research.
what are ethical guidlines
the procedures and principles used to ensure that participants are safe and respected
what are the six ethical guidelines
- deception
- confidentiality
- informed consent
- debriefing
- voluntary participation
- withdrawal rights
what is confidentiality
the privacy of personal information
deception
participants must know the purpose of the study, unless it will influence their behavior in the research: if deception is used it must be addressed during debriefing.
what are informed consent procedures
participant must understand the nature and purpose of the study, including any risks.
what is debriefing
when participants are informed of the aims, results and conclusions of the study and are provided with psychological support as needed.
what is voluntary participation
participants must willingly and freely sign up to be involved in research.
what are withdrawal rights
participants may leave the study at any time, including removing already obtained results.
