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Psychology Units 1&2 > Key Science Skills (Chapter1) > Flashcards

Key Science Skills (Chapter1) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a within-subjects design

A

an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition

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2
Q

what is a between-subjects design?

A

an experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition

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3
Q

what is a mixed design

A

an experimental design which combines elements of within-subjects and between subjects designs

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4
Q

generalisation

A

the ability for a samples results to be used to make conclusions about the wider research population

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5
Q

what is a sample

A

a subset of the research population who participate in a study.

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6
Q

what is convenience sampling

A

any sampling technique that involves selecting readily available members of the population.

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7
Q

what is random sampling

A

any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected

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8
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

any sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population in away that ensures that its strata are proportionally represented in the sample.

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9
Q

what is an extraneous variable

A

any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.

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10
Q

what is a confounding variable

A

a variable that has directly and systematically affected the dependent variable, apart from the independent variable

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11
Q

what are the seven types of extraneous variables

A

participant-related variable
order effects
placebo effects
experimenter effects
situational variables
non-standardised instructions and procedures
demand characteristics

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12
Q

what is a participant related variable

A

characteristics of a study’s participants that may affect its results

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13
Q

what are non-standarised instructions and procedures

A

when directions and procedures differ across participants or experimental conditions

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14
Q

what are order effects

A

the tendency for the order in which participants complete experimental conditions to have an effect on their behavior

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15
Q

what is the placebo effeect

A

when participants respond to an inactive substance or treatment as a result of their expectations or beliefs.

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16
Q

what are experimenter effects

A

when the researcher themselves affect the outcome by giving subconscious clues about how to behave. this may involve asking leading questions that inform the participants of the desired result.

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17
Q

what are situational variables

A

any environmental factor that may affect the dependent variable

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18
Q

what are demand characteristics

A

cues in an experiment that may signal to the participant the intention of the study and influence their behavior.

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19
Q

what is counter balancing

A

a method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way

20
Q

what is a single blind procedure

A

a procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental condition they have been allocated to

21
Q

what is the double blind procedure

A

a procedure in which both the participant and the experimenter are unware of the experimental conditions participants have been allocated to.

22
Q

how to control participant diffrences

A

-using a between subjects or within subjects design
- using triplets/twins

23
Q

how to control order effects

A

-using between subjects
-counter balancing

24
Q

how to control placebo affects

A
  • single blind procedure
25
Q

how to control experimenter effects

A
  • double blind procedure
26
Q

how to control environmental/situational factors

A
  • control the environment where possible
27
Q

how to control non-standarised instructions and procedures

A
  • ensure standardization of instructions and procedures
28
Q

how to control demand charactersitcs

A
  • use deception
  • between subjects design
  • double blind procedure
29
Q

repeatability

A

the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when carried out under identical conditions within a short period of time.

30
Q

reproducibilty

A

the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when repeated under different conditions.

31
Q

internal valididty

A

the extent to which an investigation truly measures or investigates what it claims to

32
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings.

33
Q

what are the 5 ethical concepts

A
  • beneficence
  • respect
  • non-maleficence
  • justice
  • integrity
34
Q

what is beneficence

A

is the consideration of the benefits or gains from research in relation to the risks.

35
Q

what is non-maleficence

A

is the idea that any potential harm should be avoided and minimised as much as possible

36
Q

what is justice

A

is the distribution of fair access to the benefits of research to everyone, ensuring that there is no burden on one group, and ensuring that any opposing claims are considered.

37
Q

what is integrity

A

is the commitment to search for knowledge, and then honestly report info and findings.

38
Q

what is respect

A

is the belief that everyone has value in regards to their welfare and beliefs, and has a right to make their own decisions.

39
Q

what are ethical concepts

A

refer to the broad, moral guiding principles that people should consider when conducting research.

40
Q

what are ethical guidlines

A

the procedures and principles used to ensure that participants are safe and respected

41
Q

what are the six ethical guidelines

A
  • deception
  • confidentiality
  • informed consent
  • debriefing
  • voluntary participation
  • withdrawal rights
42
Q

what is confidentiality

A

the privacy of personal information

43
Q

deception

A

participants must know the purpose of the study, unless it will influence their behavior in the research: if deception is used it must be addressed during debriefing.

44
Q

what are informed consent procedures

A

participant must understand the nature and purpose of the study, including any risks.

45
Q

what is debriefing

A

when participants are informed of the aims, results and conclusions of the study and are provided with psychological support as needed.

46
Q

what is voluntary participation

A

participants must willingly and freely sign up to be involved in research.

47
Q

what are withdrawal rights

A

participants may leave the study at any time, including removing already obtained results.

Psychology Units 1&2 (9 decks)

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