Social Cognition Chapter 5 MCQ

Question 1

Actor/observer bias

Answer 1

The tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions

Question 2

Anchoring and adjustment

Answer 2

The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by using a starting point (anchor) and then making adjustments up or down

Question 3

Attribution cube

Answer 3

An attribution theory that uses three types of informations; consensus, consistency, and distinctivneness

Question 4

Attributions

Answer 4

The causal explanations people give for their own and others behaviour and for events in general

Question 5

Availability heuristic

Answer 5

The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relvant instances come to mind

Question 6

Base rate falllacy

Answer 6

The tendency to ignore or underuse base rate information and instead to be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judges

Question 7

Cognitive miser

Answer 7

A term used to describe peoples reluctance to do much extra thinking

Question 8

Confirmation bias

Answer 8

The tendency to notice and search for information that confirms ones beliefs and to ignore information that disconfirms ones beliefs

Question 9

Conjunction fallacy

Answer 9

The tendency to see an event as more likely as it becomes more specific because it is joined with elements that seem similar to events that are likely

Question 10

Consensus

Answer 10

In attribution theory, whether other people would do the same thing in the same situation

Question 11

Consistency

Answer 11

In attribution theory, whether the person typically behaves this way in this situation

Question 12

Contamination

Answer 12

When something becomes impure or unclean

Question 13

Counterfactual thinking

Answer 13

Imaginging alternatives to past or present events or circumstances

Question 14

Counterregulation

Answer 14

the “what the heck” effect that occurs when people induldge in behaviour they are trying to regulate after an initial regulation failure

Question 15

Covariation principle

Answer 15

For something to be the cause of a behaviour, it must be present when the behaviour occurs and absent when the behaviour does not occur

Question 16

Debiasing

Answer 16

Reducing errors and biases by getting people to use controlled processing rather than automatic processing

Question 17

Distinctiveness

Answer 17

In attribution theory, whether the person would behave differently in a different situation

Question 18

Downward counterfactuals

Answer 18

Imagining alternatives that are worse than actuality

Question 19

False consensus effect

Answer 19

The tendency to overestimate the number of other people who share ones opinions, attitudes, values and beliefs

Question 20

False uniqueness effect (Luke Wobegon effect)

Answer 20

The tendency to underestimate the number of other people who share ones most prized characteristics and abilities

Question 21

First instinct fallacy

Answer 21

The false belief that it is better not to chances ones first answer on a test even if one starts to think that a different answer is correct

Question 22

Framing

Answer 22

Whether messages stress potential gains (positively framed) or potential losses (negatively framed)

Question 23

Fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias)

Answer 23

The tendency for observers to attributes other peoples behaviour to internal or dispositional causes and to downplay situational causes

Question 24

Gain-framed apeal

Answer 24

Focuses on the positive, such as how your teeth will be stronger and healthier if you brush and floss them every day

Question 25

Gamblers fallacy

Answer 25

The tendency to believe that a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chance events will even out in the short run

Question 26

Heuristics

Answer 26

Mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events

Question 27

Hot hand

Answer 27

The tendency for gamblers who get lucky to think they have a hot hand and their luck will continue

Question 28

Illusion of control

Answer 28

The false belief that one can influence certain events, especially random or chance ones

Question 29

Illusory correlation

Answer 29

The tendency to overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all

Question 30

Information overload

Answer 30

Having too much information to comprehend or intergrate

Question 31

Knowledge structures

Answer 31

Organised packets of information that are stored in memory

Question 32

Loss-framed appeal

Answer 32

Focuses on the negative, such as the potential for getting cavities if you do not brush and floss your teeth every day

Question 33

Magical thinking

Answer 33

Thinking based on asumptions that don?t hold up to rational scrutiny

Question 34

Meta-cognition

Answer 34

Reflecting on ones own thought processes

Question 35

One-shot illusory correlation

Answer 35

An illusory correlation that occurs after exposure to only one unusual behaviour performed by only one member of an unfamiliar group

Question 36

Priming

Answer 36

Planting or activating an idea in someones mind

Question 37

Regret

Answer 37

Feeling sorrt for ones misfortunes, limitations, losses, transgressions, shortcomings or mistakes

Question 38

Representation heuristic

Answer 38

The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case

Question 39

Schemas

Answer 39

Knowledge structures that prepresent substantion information about a ocncept, its attirbutes and its relationship to other concepts

Question 40

Scripts

Answer 40

Knowledge structures that define situations and guide behaviour

Question 41

Self-serving bias

Answer 41

The tendency to take credit for success but deny blame for failure

Question 42

Simulation heuristic

Answer 42

The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which you can imagine (or mentally simulate it)

Question 43

Social cognition

Answer 43

A movement in social psychology that began in the 1970s that focused on thoughts about people and about social relationships

Question 44

Statistical regression

Answer 44

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behaviour to be followed by others that are less extreme and closter to the average

Question 45

Stoop effect

Answer 45

in the Stroop test, the finding that people have difficulty overriding the automatic tendency to read the word rather than name the ink color

Question 46

Stroop test

Answer 46

A standard measure of effortful control over responses, requires participants to identify the color of a word (which may name a different color)

Question 47

Ultimate attribution error

Answer 47

The tendency for observers to make internal attributions (fundamental attribution error) about whole groups of people

Question 48

Upward counterfactuals

Answer 48

Imagining alternatives that are better than actuality