Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency Chapter 7 MCQ

Question 1

Beliefs

Answer 1

pieces of information about something; facts or opinions

Question 2

Attitudes

Answer 2

global evaluations toward some object or issue

Question 3

Dual attitudes

Answer 3

different evaluations of the same attitude object, implicit versus explicit

Question 4

Implicit attitudes

Answer 4

Automatic and nonconscious evaluative responses

Question 5

Explicit attitudes

Answer 5

Controlled and conscious evaluative responses

Question 6

Stigma

Answer 6

an attribute that is perceived by others as broadly negative

Question 7

Mere exposure effect

Answer 7

the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly

Question 8

Classical conditioning

Answer 8

a type of learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral simulus comes to evoke a conditioned response

Question 9

Unconditioned simulus

Answer 9

a stimulus (e.g. meat powder) that naturally evokes a particular response (salvation)

Question 10

Unconditioned response

Answer 10

a naturally occuring response (e.g. salvation)

Question 11

Neutral stimulus

Answer 11

a stimulus (e.g. Pavlovs bell) that initially evokes no response

Question 12

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

a neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to evoke a conditioned response

Question 13

Conditioned response

Answer 13

a response that, through repeated pairings, is evoked by a formerly neatral stimulus

Question 14

Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)

Answer 14

a type of learning in which people are more likely to repeat behaviours that have been rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviours that have been punished

Question 15

Social learning (observational learning, imitation, vicarious learning)

Answer 15

a type of learning in which people are more likely to imitate behaviours if they have seen others rewarded for performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviours if they have seen others punished for performing them

Question 16

Attitude polarization

Answer 16

the finding that peoples attitudes become more extreme as they reflect on them

Question 17

Balance theory (P-O-X Theory)

Answer 17

the idea that relationships among one person (P), the other person (O), and an attitude object (X) may be either balanced or unbalanced

Question 18

Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 18

the theory that inconsistencies produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behaviour or change their attitudes

Question 19

Effort justification

Answer 19

the finding that when people suffer or work hard or make sacrifices, they will try to convince themselves that it is worthwhile

Question 20

Post-decision dissonance

Answer 20

cognitive dissonance experienced after making a difficult choice, typically reduced by increasing the attractivness of the chosen alternative and decreating the attractivness of rejected alternatives

Question 21

Tyranny of choice

Answer 21

the idea that although some choice is better than none, more choice is not always better than less choice

Question 22

Accessibility

Answer 22

how easily something comes to mind

Question 23

A-B problem

Answer 23

the problem of inconsistency between attitudes (A) and behaviours (B)

Question 24

Belief preseverance

Answer 24

the finding that once beliefs form, they are resistant to change, even if the information on which they are based is discredited

Question 25

Coping

Answer 25

the general term for how people attempt to deal with traumas and go back to functioning effectively in life

Question 26

Assumptive worlds

Answer 26

the view that people live in social words based on certain beliefs (assumptions) about reality

Question 27

Cognitive coping

Answer 27

the idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope with and recover from misfortunes

Question 28

Downward comparison

Answer 28

comparing oneself to people who are worse off