Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency Chapter 7 MCQ Flashcards
Beliefs
pieces of information about something; facts or opinions
Attitudes
global evaluations toward some object or issue
Dual attitudes
different evaluations of the same attitude object, implicit versus explicit
Implicit attitudes
Automatic and nonconscious evaluative responses
Explicit attitudes
Controlled and conscious evaluative responses
Stigma
an attribute that is perceived by others as broadly negative
Mere exposure effect
the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly
Classical conditioning
a type of learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral simulus comes to evoke a conditioned response
Unconditioned simulus
a stimulus (e.g. meat powder) that naturally evokes a particular response (salvation)
Unconditioned response
a naturally occuring response (e.g. salvation)
Neutral stimulus
a stimulus (e.g. Pavlovs bell) that initially evokes no response
Conditioned stimulus
a neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to evoke a conditioned response
Conditioned response
a response that, through repeated pairings, is evoked by a formerly neatral stimulus
Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)
a type of learning in which people are more likely to repeat behaviours that have been rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviours that have been punished
Social learning (observational learning, imitation, vicarious learning)
a type of learning in which people are more likely to imitate behaviours if they have seen others rewarded for performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviours if they have seen others punished for performing them
Attitude polarization
the finding that peoples attitudes become more extreme as they reflect on them
Balance theory (P-O-X Theory)
the idea that relationships among one person (P), the other person (O), and an attitude object (X) may be either balanced or unbalanced
Cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that inconsistencies produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behaviour or change their attitudes
Effort justification
the finding that when people suffer or work hard or make sacrifices, they will try to convince themselves that it is worthwhile
Post-decision dissonance
cognitive dissonance experienced after making a difficult choice, typically reduced by increasing the attractivness of the chosen alternative and decreating the attractivness of rejected alternatives
Tyranny of choice
the idea that although some choice is better than none, more choice is not always better than less choice
Accessibility
how easily something comes to mind
A-B problem
the problem of inconsistency between attitudes (A) and behaviours (B)
Belief preseverance
the finding that once beliefs form, they are resistant to change, even if the information on which they are based is discredited
Coping
the general term for how people attempt to deal with traumas and go back to functioning effectively in life
Assumptive worlds
the view that people live in social words based on certain beliefs (assumptions) about reality
Cognitive coping
the idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope with and recover from misfortunes
Downward comparison
comparing oneself to people who are worse off
