Social Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Rules of thumb for quick and efficient information processing.

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2
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

Judging the frequency of an event based on the ease with which it is brought to mind.

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3
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic?

A

Judging the likelihood of an event based on how well it fits a prototype.

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4
Q

What are illusory correlations?

A

Perceiving a relationship between two events when none actually exists. When two outstanding events in our life co-occur, we overestimate their relationship with one another.

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5
Q

What is the illusion of control?

A

Perceiving random events as subject to our influence, even though they are not.

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6
Q

What is regression to the mean?

A

People fail to recognize that events, especially extreme ones, tend to regress to their average tendency.

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7
Q

What is anchoring and adjusting?

A

When people make an estimate, they tend to anchor on a value and fail to adjust.

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8
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

A tendency to over-infer someone’s dispositional causes and to underestimate someone’s situational causes.

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9
Q

What is actor observer bias?

A

Says the same as the fundamental attribution error, but adds that the effect reverses when we reflect on ourselves.

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10
Q

What are schemas and stereotypes?

A

Preconceived notions and expectations that can influence how we process information about ourselves and others.

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11
Q

What are self-fulfilling prophecies?

A

Believing something so strongly that you somehow make it happen.

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12
Q

What is counterfactual processing?

A

The process of imagining alternative outcomes to an event.

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13
Q

What are the two types of counterfactuals?

A

Upward and downward.

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14
Q

What is the upward counterfactual?

A

Imagining the better outcome.

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15
Q

What is the downward counterfactual?

A

Imagining a worse outcome.

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16
Q

What is ironic processing?

A

The more we try to control our thoughts, the more we lose control of them.

17
Q

What two processes cause ironic processing?

A

The intentional operating process and the ironic monitoring process.

18
Q

What is the intentional operating process?

A

Searching for mental contents that will yield the desired thought (e.g., anything but a pink elephant).

19
Q

What is the ironic monitoring process?

A

Searching for mental contents that would signal failure to achieve the desired state (e.g., pink elephant).