Chapter 2 Terms Flashcards
Self-concept
A person’s answers to the question: “Who am I?”
Self-schema
Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.
Possible selves
Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future.
Social identity
The “we” aspect of our self-concept. The part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.
Social comparison
Evaluating your abilities and opinions by comparing yourself to others.
Individualism
The concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one’s groups and defining one’s identity accordingly
Interdependent self
Construing one’s identity in relation to others.
Planning fallacy
The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.
Impact bias
Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
Immune neglect
The human tendency to underestimate the speed and strength of the “psychological immune system,” which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.
Dual attitudes
Differing implicit and explicit attitudes towards the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.
Self-esteem
A person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth.
Learned helplessness
The hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal has no perceived control over repeated bad events.
Self-serving bias
The tendency to perceive yourself favourably
Self-serving attributions
A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to yourself and negative outcomes to other factors.
False consensus effect
The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours.
False uniqueness effect
The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviours.
Temporal comparison.
A comparison between how the self is viewed now and how the self was viewed in the past or how the self is expected to be viewed in the future.
Group-serving bias
Explaining away out-group members’ positive behaviours to their dispositions (while excusing such behaviour by one’s own group).
Self-handicapping
Protecting one’s self-image with behaviours that create handy excuse for later failure.
Self-presentation
The act of expressing yourself and behaving in ways designed to create a favourable impression or an impression that corresponds to your ideals.
Self-monitoring
Being attuned to the way you present yourself in social situations and adjusting your performance to create the desired impression.