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Psychology > Social Cognition > Flashcards

Social Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Person Perception

A

Tendency to form impressions of other people. ( Can be based on second-hand information )

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2
Q

Physical Appearance

A

First impression usually.

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3
Q

The Halo Effect

A

Attractive people benefit from this. Cognitive bias where one quality of a person influences our beliefs and expectations about them having other good qualities.

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4
Q

Impressions of non-verbal communication

A

Facial expressions, eye gaze, posture, body language - facing up, looking while talking.

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5
Q

Eye contact

A

Most influential form of non-verbal communication.

Less= untrustworthy

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6
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Attributions we give for our own and others behaviours

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7
Q

TWO types of attributions

A
  • Personal Attributions

- Situational Attributions

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8
Q

Personal / Dispositional Attributions

A

Due to characteristics of the person involved ( their internal factors )

  • ability
  • personality
  • mood / effort
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9
Q

Situational attributions

A

Due to external factors;

  • Actions of another person
  • illness
  • fate / luck
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10
Q

EXAMPLE of personal attributions

A

“he scored well on the exam because he is smart.”

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11
Q

EXAMPLE of situational attributions

A

“he scored well because it was an easy test.”

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12
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factor ( a student is feral ) and underestimate the impact of situational factors ( kid had a bad first day ) on other people’s behaviour.

TEND TO ATTRIBUTE A PERSON’S BEHAVIOUR TO INTERNAL RATHER THAN EXTERNAL FACTORS.

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13
Q

Actor Observer Bias

A

One EXCEPTION of the fundamental attribution error occurs when it comes to explaining our OWN behaviour.

Tenancy to attribute our own behaviour to external situational causes, and others’ behaviour to internal factors.

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14
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

We tend to take the credit for our successes and attribute failures to situational factors.

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15
Q

TRAITS of Collectivistic Culture

A
  • Working as a group
  • Doing what’s best for society
  • Social rules focus on promoting selflessness
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16
Q

TRAITS of Individualistic Culture

A
  • Uniqueness
  • Independence
  • Self-Sufficiency
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17
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

  • People strive for consistency in their thoughts
  • Seem simple, but is more complex

EXAMPLE
boring task - one paid $1 and another paid $20.

$1 enjoyed more by change of attitude “not adequate but pretty fun.”

18
Q

Self-perception theory

A

People’s attitudes are developed by observing their own behaviour

Two groups $1 and $20

$20: I have to do the task cause I will get paid

$1: I’m doing this task because I must enjoy it.

19
Q

Attributions

A

The process of attaching meaning to behaviour

by looking for a cause to explain the behaviour

20
Q

four Attribution Error

A
  • Fundamental Attribution Error
  • Defensive Attribution
  • Self-serving Bias
  • Consensus
21
Q

Defensive Attribution

A

A thought process that explains the

causes of an individual’s misfortune by blaming the victim

22
Q

Consensus

A

affirming / agreement behaviour of others around

us

23
Q

Attitude

A

Learned ideas we hold about ourselves, others and experiences.

Learned from MEDIA, DIRECT CONTACT, GROUP. MEMBERSHIP and CHILD REARING

24
Q

Stereotypes

A

Oversimplified image of people who belong to a particular group, causing them to appear similar than they are. ( AGE, GENDER, ETHNICITY )

25
Q

The Tri-component Model

A

Attitude consists of three components ABC

  • Affective (emotions )
  • Behavioural ( observable actions )
  • Cognitive ( thoughts, beliefs )
26
Q

FOUR Attitude Consistency

A
  • Consistent Attitude
  • Inconsistent Attitude
  • Cognitive Dissonance
  • Cognitive Dissonance Theory
27
Q

Consistent Attitude

A

All three components lineup

28
Q

Inconsistent Attitude

A

Not all components align ( such as behaviour is not consistent with beliefs )

29
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

When the thoughts and actions of a person do not match their

attitudes, causing a clash

30
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory: (ABC)

A

People feel a level of discomfort when all 3

components are inconsistent

31
Q

Limitations of the Tri-Component Model

A
  • No way to measure the strength of the attitude
  • Does not include ambivalence or indifference
  • Two components of the model are not observable, so we must rely on behaviour to
    make a measure of attitude, but people could be lying on surveys about their
    feelings or beliefs.
  • Attitudes may not be reliable predictors of behaviour
32
Q

Factors which Influence our

Attitude Formation

A
  1. Classical Conditioning
    - Placing neutral signal before a reflex
  • Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviours / precedes the response, after the stimulus / passive
  1. Operant Conditioning
    - Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behaviour. - consequences
  • Voluntary / before the stimulus / active
33
Q

TWO GROUPS of stereotypes

A
  • Ingroup - a group you identify with

- Outgroup - a group you do not identify with

34
Q

Prejudice

A

Fear, suspicion or hatred of a particular group of people.

It is the BELIEFS a person hold about someone

35
Q

Discrimination

A

ACT on your prejudice beliefs // unequal treatment // direct or indirect

-Sexism/Racism/Agesim

36
Q

Scapegoating

A

Blaming a person or group of people for their reaction of others ( Jews etc )

37
Q

Forming Prejudice

A
  • Direct Experience: Person can hold neg experience or set of experiences with members.
  • Personal and group prejudice.
  • The prejudiced personality.
38
Q

Reducing Prejudice

A
  • Inter-group contact: Effective in reducing prejudice
  • Education
  • Direct Experience

Such as:

  • Sustained Contact
  • Superordinate goals
  • Mutual Interdependence
  • Equality

Superordinate Goal: are goals that are common to multiple groups, that require knowledge and understanding between them

39
Q

Cognitive Interventions

A 
Prejudice can be countered by reducing stereotyping
through cognition (thinking)
  • Provide info
  • Address common held beliefs about people
40
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment : Zimbardo

A

Zimbardo says it’s the situation that makes people act the way they do rather than their disposition ( our character )

Aim: To see how taking social roles would lead to excessive conformity to those roles.

Aim 2: Test the dispositional hypothesis.

IV: Conditions the participants were randomly assigned ( prisoner or guard )

DV: Resulting behaviour

UNIFORM
GLASSES : To help with role identification

PRISONER / deindividuation: humiliated

The study rejects the dispositional hypothesis…behaviour of the ‘normal’ students have been randomly assigned to each condition was influenced by the role they had been assigned to the extent that they seemed to believe in their assigned position.

Unethical?

  • Distressed
  • Felt they can’t leave

Psychology (8 decks)

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