SEMESTER EXAM ! Flashcards
What are the influences of different approaches over time?
the brain vs heart debate,
mind-body problem,
phrenology,
first brain experiments
neuroimaging techniques
Dark tissue and white tissue names?
White and black matter
- Brain vs Heart theory
Ancient Egypt –> brain
Ancient Greek –> Heart held sources of thoughts and feelings
2.mind-body theory
French philosopher Rene has theory dualism
argues that mind and body are two different things
the mind was non physical and spiritual and body is physical and structural
what is dualism
the idea that humans have a
non-material soul as well as a material body
- phrenology theory
He thought that different parts of the brain have different functions
read with bumps and dips provide personality
The barnum effect
pseudoscience
individual believe that personality description apply specifically to them
- neuroimaging techniques
- structural imaging
- functional imaging
structural imaging
show structure of brain , x rays
CT, MRI
functional imaging
PET & fMRi
see the function of the brain
( less common )
function of nervous system
-receive info ( sensory input )
- process info ( integration )
coordinate a response info ( motor )
whats in the central nervous system?
brain
spinal cord
whats in the peripheral nervous system?
motor and sensory neurons
motor: somatic nervous & autonomic nervous
autonomic: sympathetic, parasympathetic
what happens with motor neurons
CNS to muscle and glands
carry info AWAY from the brin to the pns, or muscles, organs and glands
what happens with sensory neurons
sensory organs to CNS
sensory info from receptor sites towards CNS –> brain
somantic nervous system function
controls voluntary movements
autonomic nervous system function
controls involuntary responses
sympathetic division function
fight, flight , freeze
parasympathetic division function
rest or digest
return body to homeostasis after stressor
subcategories of MOTOR NEURONS
somantic
autonomic
subcategories of autonomic NErvous system
sympathetic, & parasympathetic
function of the brain
receives and processes sensory info , memory, generate thoughts
function of the spinal cord
conducts signals to and from the brain
controls reflex activities
function of the CNS
process info received
function of the PNS
- provides info to CNS
- connects cns to organs etc
- carry s & m info to and from cns
functions of all neurons
- carries sensory neurons from outer to your body (SC)
- motor neurons carry signals from CNS to outer
-interneurons :
link the sensory and motor
neurons-act as a translator
draw a diagram of the nervous system
check on laptop
P & S for Adrenal Glands
p: Homeostasis maintained
s: Stimulates the production of adrenaline
P & S for lungs
p: Constricts the bronchial tubules
s: Airway - dilates the bronchial tubules
P & S for eyes
p: Constriction ( narrowing )
s: Dilate ( expand )
Name of the information neurons transmit
called action potential or neural impulse
Neuron structure in order
Dendrites Nucleus Soma ( cell body ) Axon within axon: myelin sheaths axon terminals
FUNCTION OF dendrites
receives info from other neurons
FUNCTION OF soma
has the nucleus that controls the neurons, and is like the brain
directs info from dendrites to axon
FUNCTION OF axon
the action potential travels through
FUNCTION OF axon terminals
small branches at the end
on the tip has terminal button ( aka synaptic button ) which keeps a special chemical NEUROTRANSMITTER where info crosses
FUNCTION OF myelin
neurons are myelinated ( coated with myelin )
it is a fatty insulator for the axon keeping it from getting interfering signals
what is synapse
tiny gap between neurons that neurotransmitter crosses info
neuron seqence
- Information is received by
the Dendrites - Info passes through the Soma and into the axon
- Information reaches the
Axon Terminals - This triggers the release of
neurotransmitters from the
terminal buttons - The neurotransmitter carries
the info to other neurons - Neurons don’t touch- there is
a synaptic gap
where is the electrical and chemical in a neuron?
the signal travelling along the axon is the ELECTRICAL SIGNAL - actional potential
Neurotransmitter crosses synapse and are special chemicals that bind with own receptors in the next neruon’s dendrites
draw a diagram of a neuron
pic on laptop
FUNCTION OF myelin sheath
speeds neural impulses
Sensory neurons functions
afferent
-nerve impulses from sensory stimuli to the cns and brain
specialised to respond to info, heat, sound etc
Motor neurons functions
efferent
neural impulses away from the cns and towards muscle to cause movement
function of interneuron and where does it happen?
link the sensory and motor
neurons-act as a translator
occurs in the CNS, useful for integration
Glial cell
support of the neurons, provide nutrients, clean waste etc
CANNOT carry message
specialised so can perform different roles depending on their location
the three SECTIONS of the brain
- FORE BRAIN
- MID BRAIN
- HIND BRAIN
Whats in the hindbrain ( lowest part ) 4
brain stem
cerebellum
pons
medulla
Whats in the midbrain ( middle part ) 2
reticular formation
substantia nigra
Whats in the forebrain ( highest part ) 3
thalamus
hypothalamus
cerebrum
BRAIN STEM
location and function
hindbrain
connects to spinal cord
CEREBELLUM
location and function
hindbrain
coordination balance
PONS
location and function
hindbrain
voluntary survival , swallowing, bladder, movement etc
MEDULLA
location and function
hindbrain
heartbeat, breathing
RETICULAR FORMATION
location and function
midbrain
arousal level, anaesthetic works
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
location and function
midbrain
coordinates smooth voluntary movement
THALAMUS
location and function
forebrain
filters sensory info
HYPOTHALAUS
location and function
forebrain
controls the endocrine system
hunger/thirst/temp, hormone level
CEREBRUM
location and function
forebrain
abstract thought “higher” thinking
four lobes of the brain
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
cerebral cortex
THINK LAYER OF TISSUE
FOLDED - GYRI
symbolic thinking
process info
movement
emotions
hindbrain
life functions, automatic function
such as breathing and heart pumping
midbrain
process sensory, info, sleep and arousal
substantia nigra affected what disease
affected by PARKINSON’S DISEASE
forebrain
IMPORTANT
thinking, learning, memory, perception, emotion and personality
FRONTAL LOBE
movemnet, higher-order cognition racinal thought, decision making and planning
PARIETAL LOBE
process sensory info, attention , spatical reasoning, five senses
primary senstory cortex ; sense of touch
TEMPORIAL LOBE
Auditory signals, learning and memory
OCCIPITAL LOBE
primary visual cortex
part of brain makes us feel fear?
amygdala
hemis in brain
left & right
hemispheric specialisation
left: verbal language, word recognition and speech
ANALYSTICAL, CRITICAL THINKING
right: visual and non-verbal, appreciating artwork, spatial reasoning, seeings emotions
what hemi process what part of the body
LH receives and processes sensation from right side, and vice versa
draw lobes out on brain
check laptop
phineas gage biopsysoc
did lobotomies…
biological: prefrontal cortex damage, difficulty with motor activites, facial expression blank
psy:
-personality-apathy, impulsive, antisocial behaviour, forgetfulness
changed personality and injury in frontal lobe
prefrontal cortex
what lobe and function
frontal lobe
symbolic reasoning, planning, decision making, cause-effect “if..will happen”
organises sequence of movement, send message to Primary motor crotex
Primary motor cortex
what lobe and function
frontal lobe
- controls voluntary movement
- PMS in left hemi, controls right and vv
Primary motor cortex body control system
Lower the body part being controlled, the higher its controller is on the PMC
seen on
Broca’s area
location & function
left frontal lobe
movement and speech
Spatial neglect
parietal lobe damage
common on right side hemi
neurological disorder where people dont notice anything on one side of them (usually left )
Primary somatosensory cortex
what lobe and function
receives and processes sensory info from the skin and body part
PSC left hemi is for right body and vv
homunculus
physical representation of our cortex
occipital lobe
sense of vision
temporal lobe
auditory perception
making memory, recognising familiar objects and people, emotional responses
WERNICKE’s area
location & function
left temporal lobe
speech production, PAC cannot make sense of words until proceed by WA
WHAT is brain plasticity?
brain’s ability to change and adapt in response to environmental stimuli
two KINDS of neural plasticity?
- Developmental
- Adaptive
Developmental / structural plasticity?
young and developing brains experiences or memories changing a brain’s physical structure since to adapt to stimuli and grow and develop
Adaptive plasticity?
recovering, compensate and responding to changes in the brain structure/ lost functionality and move from damaged area to undamaged area
such as brain injury or stroke
brain development
explain and time period
3 ones
-MYELINATION:
-SYNAPTOGENESIS:
synapses created
-SYNAPTIC PRUNING:
synapses deleted
MYELINATION
increase in size of brain, neurons efficient sending messages
start before birth, continues into adulthood, peaks after birth and another burst after adolescence
first sensory areas become myelinated then motor areas - completed by age 3 or 4 - complex areas in frontal love myelinated last
SYNAPTOGENESIS:
synapses created
- neighbouring neurons connect and communicate (axon terminal to dendrite )
baby grows ew dendrites, more branches, new connections opportunities
happens quickly IN sensory and motor areas
-SYNAPTIC PRUNING:
synapses deleted
use it or lose it
-unused synaptic -connections are pruned
- adults have less than 3 year old
- strengthens the useful pathways
-strong implications/ connections regarding experience and
brain development
why do teens make risky decision etc?
frontal lobe development
-prefrontal cortex last to mature
-3-6, there is a huge
increase in neural connections in the frontal lobes through
synaptogenesis, which marks a huge leap in cognitive abilities
-From 7-15 years old, the rapid growth becomes part of the temporal and parietal lobes instead- marking a leap in language development
-16-20, synaptic pruning in the frontal lobes makes
the remaining neural activity more efficient- this marks a leap in maturity.
unformed prefrontal cortex
plays out as lack of executive function (cause
and effect, emotional regulation, reasoning)
biopsysoci model
biological- body factors
psycho- mental health
social-support / people around
type of brain injury - 4
sudden onset- happens suddenly
insidious onset- happens over long time
neuodegerative disease- progressive decline brain activity
stroke -blood clot, bleeding in brain
aphasia
difficulty with communication, or finding right words
wernicke aphasia
left temporal
unable to understand what others are saying
difficulty to produce speech
facial reg and memory altered
broca aphasia
left frontal
speech pro
adaptive plasticity ( 2)
- rerouting
- sprouting
-rerouting
new neural connections are made between a neuron and other active neurons
-sprouting
growth of new dendritic fibre enabling the neuron for form new connections with other
how does brain injury get fix naturally
adaptive plasticity allows the brain to reorganise to compensate for loss of function
longitudinal studies
same participants investigated over a period of time
done with PD study since it is progressive
what is lobotomies
develop to treat mental illness, done on prefrontal cortex which perform high level thinking etc
destroyed white matter
more useful treatment: antidepressionate drugs
cte ?
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
repeated hits in the head, building up abnormal protein called tau in brain, progressive degenerative brain disease
memory loss, mood swings, difficulty concentrating
what is parkinson disease
a neurodegenerative disease
neurons of brain slowly decline over long period of time
parkinson disease
MOTOR symptoms
tremors rigidity of limbs shaking poor balance slowness of movement
parkinson disease
non-MOTOR symptoms
-depression, anxiety
pain
lose of smell
cause of parkinson disease??
unknown
treatment compensate for lack of dopamine in the brain so deep brain stimulation of substantia nigra which can alleviate symptoms
what is lost from parkinson disease??
-dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra - which aids for smooth movement etc
ethical considerations
confidentiality informed consent withdrawal rights debriefing voluntary participation deception
Validity:
it must be conducted and
shared in a way that measures what it claims to have measured.
Reliability:
Research must be reliable, namely that it can be replicated
by others.
Integrity:
Ethical considerations and scientific standards are applied.
No harm can come to others.
what did split brain show
patients uanble to interagte infor from one hemi to another
brain change shape?
no, synapses just change
what neruotransmitter involved in motor functions
dopamine
involved in visual-spatial tasks?
the right hemi
side effects wernicke aphasia
since left side of his temporal lobe, unable to interpret others speech
unable to select corrects words to express
left visual field
right hemi proceed
left and right vf
left: right hemi see visuals
right: ;left hemi, responsible for lang
side effects brocas aphasia
speech non-fluent
memory loss, unable to move right arm
short sentences
dog bite senario
- send bite sensory messages info to CNS
- CNS process pain/touch info and coordinate a response
motor neurons from CNS to skeletal muscle , telling skeletal muscle in the somatic nervous system to walk away via motor message
nature
- genetics
- environmental exposure
- birth
nurture
- way were raised
- birth order
- culture & society
twin study
allow us to make an evaluation about the
impact of environment if twins who are
genetically identical are raised in different
environments.
same: nature
different trait: nurture
adoption studies
exposed to different environment to their bio and genetic relatives
sensitive period
period in development when an organism is
more responsive to certain environmental stimuli or experiences.
times of rapid change, where
the brain is more likely to strengthen important
connections and eliminate unneeded ones
BEGINS AND ENDS GRADUALLY
critical period
A critical period is a period in development in which an organism ismost vulnerable to the deprivation or absence of stimuli.
specific time when the brain is particularly receptive to acquiring an skill or
knowledge
BEGINS AND ENDS ABRUPTLY
THREE theories of psychological developemtn
infant attachment
-ainsworth & harlow
cognitive abilities:
-piaget’s theory
psychosocial development
-erikson’s theory
attachment theory
Human infants form an emotional attachment with their primary caregivers.
particularly in the first 12 months of life, have a huge influence on a person’s emotional development through life
harlow ( contact comfort )
with rhesus monkeys and the need for attachment
ainsworth ( several attachment)
strange situations
attachment bonds between caregivers and infants and categorised them
explain harlow and results
monkey reared in cages, contain two surrogate mothers
one made of wire, one look like real monkey (towel)
monkey prefer cloth surrogate when emotional distressed
wire had the feed bottle, monkey spend time with cloth surrogate 15hr rather than 1-2 hr on wire
prefer comfort than food
explain ainsworth and results
two main categories - secure and insecure attachment
secure into two category: resistant, avoidant attachment
s,as, and rn
secure: positive ish
mother–> supportive
avoidant insecure: uninterested
mother–> rejected
resistant-insecure: reject mother when came back
mother–> inconsistent
two process of intellect growth:
-assimilation:
use current knowledge to understand new situations
- accommodation:
change when you already know based on new understandings
piaget’s theory
concrete thinking –> symbolic thinking
four stages
- sensorimotor ( 0-2)
- pre-operational stage (2-7)
- concrete operational stage (7-12)
- formal operational stage (12+)
-sensorimotor ( 0-2) traits
lack permanence object ( fail to see hidden object )
ACHIEVEMENT:
-goal-directed behaviour : child carries out actions to achieve key goals
-object permanence : understand that an object still exists out of view
-pre-operational stage (2-7)
ACHIEVEMENT:
de-centred: see other perspective
centration : can focus on one particular object/things
reversibility: children understand that process can be reverse
-concrete operational stage (7-12)
ACHIEVEMENT:
conservation: mass, volume
classification: similarities between diff objects
-formal operational stage (12+)
ACHIEVEMENT:
abstract thinking
logical thought
criticism on piaget
no in between stages
tested on just children
erikson theory
psychosocial development across the lifespan as an
influence on the development of an individual’s personality
different relationships, priorities, stages based on age
What role does the amygdala play in both mothers and fathers?
the amygdala which makes the mother worry about the infant. Once the mother’s amygdala is open, it stays like this forever, no matter how old the child is.
Stigma
negative attitudes and beliefs held in the wider community about a population. These beliefs lead to rejection, avoidance and discrimination.
Mental Disorders:
Psychological state characterised by significant emotional, cognitive or social difficulties
- Neurodevelopmental Disorder:
Symptoms: Happens before school, learning disorders, learn or process sensory and emotional information
- Autism, ADHD, Intellectual Disability
Neurocognitive Disorders:
- Symptoms: Major or minor impairment to cognitive functioning.
- Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, traumatic brain injury
Substance-related and addictive disorder:
- Symptoms: Poor functioning at home or work, sleep disturbances, drug intoxication, emotional and sexual problems
- Dependence on alcohol, drugs, gambling etc
Mood Disorders: BIPOLAR
DEPRESSION
- Disturbance’s emotions, depression, hopelessness, feeling of euphoric feelings
- Mood disorders involve major disturbances in emotion (mood) such as depression or mania.
- Depression, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), Bipolar: abnormal serotonin chemistry in the brain// Serotonin
Anxiety Disorder: (0CD)
- Feeling of fear, anxiety, anxiety-based distortions of behaviour
- an over-reactive autonomic nervous system response
- Phobias, OCD, Panic Disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Personality Disorder:
- Deeply ingrained, unhealthy personality patterns
- Anti-social personality disorder, borderline personality disorder
Psychotic disorder
delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thinking and speech, grossly disorganised or abnormal motor
behaviour, negative symptoms such as affective flattening
Typical
Behaviour that represents most people, usually the common behaviour shown by an induvial
Atypical
Behaviour that don’t represent the majority or unusual for that individual.
Adaptive behaviour
As we go through life, our needs and requirement changes and people adapt their behaviour to meet their changing needs.
Maladaptive Behaviour:
Behaviour that interferes with an individual’s practical ability to complete daily skills. These can be minor, causing only minimal impact on a person’s life, or major disruption.
Sometimes maladaptive is called ‘dysfunctional’ as it disrupts the normal function of life.
NOTE ABOUT ADAPTIVEE
SOME PEOPLE CAN EXHIBIT ATYPICAL BEHAVIOUR THAT IS NOT MALADAPTIVE. PEOPLE CAN DO STRANGER OR DEVIANT THINGS BUT DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH ABILITY TO COMPLETE DAILY TASKS OF LIFE.
WHAT IS THE CONTINUUM:
It is used to describe the relationship between mental health and mental disorder.
CONTINUUM USED FOR?
To show different levels of a particular concept and show how it can change over time.
CONTINUUM APPLIED
Everyone has some level of mental health, always, but some people live free from mental illness.
The continuums offer two separate planes: one for mental health and for mental illness.
FUNCTION APPROACH:
Harry, fed, sarah, so, she, moaned
Historical Approach Functional Approach Sociocultural Approach Statistical Approach Situational Approach Medical Approach
Rosenhan Study- 1973
His conclusion was that medical staff could not recognise normal behaviour once a person had a label of a mental disorder.
schizophrenia
POSITIVE SYMPTONS ARE ADDITION TO CONSCIOUSNESS (HALLUCINATOINS )
Pretty red girl can be indie
check pic for answer
DELUSION of:
Persecution: Reference: Control: Grandeur: Thought Broadcasting: Thought implanting:
schizophrenia auditory// positive sympton
Cooper can rap
critical hallucination
command hallucination
repeated phrases
schizophrenia visuals// positive symptom
Hello violet ahhh!
Hallucinations:
- Visual
- Auditory
schizophrenia speech// positive symptom
never, lie, in, emma, classrom.
do, try
neologism: illogicality: incoherence: echolali: clanging: derailment: tangentiality:
schizophrenia motor// positive symptom
Unpredictable problems can eat
unpredication agitation:
problem performing day activites
catatonia
excessive motor
schizophrenia motor// negative symptom
quad four A
Avolition: (LACK OF MOTIVATION )
The lack of will to accomplish purposeful acts (daily activates)
Alogia: Inability to speak, speaking disturbance that can be seen in people with dementia and associates with negative symptoms of schizophrenia. POVERTY OF SPEECH
Anhedonia: Lack of pleasure
Affective Flattening: Lack of emotional expressions.
‘two-hit’ hypothesis
The two-hit hypothesis proposes that people suffering
from psychological disorders generally have some genetic
or prenatal environment factor which disrupts early
development. This accounts for the first ‘hit’ which sets up
the person for long-term vulnerability.
The second ‘hit’ could be triggered by something in the
environment: trauma, difficulty, stress, drug use or serious
issue. This theory states that if the person had not already
had the first ‘hit’ they would cope with the second hit
without acquiring a mental disorder.
Two-Hit Hypothesis
Adolescent Onset:
This theory would account for the late-adolescent
onset of schizophrenia. Symptoms are rarely seen
earlier in life.
The theory states this is because when the second
hit impacts on a vulnerable person who is ‘primed’
with the first hit, they start to show signs of the
disorder.
The adolescent brain in particular is more
vulnerable to some environmental stressors.
