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SEMESTER EXAM ! Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the influences of different approaches over time?

A

the brain vs heart debate,

mind-body problem,

phrenology,

first brain experiments

neuroimaging techniques

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2
Q

Dark tissue and white tissue names?

A

White and black matter

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3
Q
  1. Brain vs Heart theory
A

Ancient Egypt –> brain

Ancient Greek –> Heart held sources of thoughts and feelings

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4
Q

2.mind-body theory

A

French philosopher Rene has theory dualism

argues that mind and body are two different things

the mind was non physical and spiritual and body is physical and structural

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5
Q

what is dualism

A

the idea that humans have a

non-material soul as well as a material body

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6
Q
  1. phrenology theory
A

He thought that different parts of the brain have different functions

read with bumps and dips provide personality

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7
Q

The barnum effect

A

pseudoscience

individual believe that personality description apply specifically to them

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8
Q
  1. neuroimaging techniques
A
  • structural imaging

- functional imaging

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9
Q

structural imaging

A

show structure of brain , x rays

CT, MRI

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10
Q

functional imaging

A

PET & fMRi
see the function of the brain
( less common )

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11
Q

function of nervous system

A

-receive info ( sensory input )
- process info ( integration )
coordinate a response info ( motor )

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12
Q

whats in the central nervous system?

A

brain

spinal cord

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13
Q

whats in the peripheral nervous system?

A

motor and sensory neurons

motor: somatic nervous & autonomic nervous
autonomic: sympathetic, parasympathetic

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14
Q

what happens with motor neurons

A

CNS to muscle and glands

carry info AWAY from the brin to the pns, or muscles, organs and glands

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15
Q

what happens with sensory neurons

A

sensory organs to CNS

sensory info from receptor sites towards CNS –> brain

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16
Q

somantic nervous system function

A

controls voluntary movements

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17
Q

autonomic nervous system function

A

controls involuntary responses

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18
Q

sympathetic division function

A

fight, flight , freeze

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19
Q

parasympathetic division function

A

rest or digest

return body to homeostasis after stressor

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20
Q

subcategories of MOTOR NEURONS

A

somantic

autonomic

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21
Q

subcategories of autonomic NErvous system

A

sympathetic, & parasympathetic

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22
Q

function of the brain

A

receives and processes sensory info , memory, generate thoughts

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23
Q

function of the spinal cord

A

conducts signals to and from the brain

controls reflex activities

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24
Q

function of the CNS

A

process info received

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25
Q

function of the PNS

A
  • provides info to CNS
  • connects cns to organs etc
  • carry s & m info to and from cns
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26
Q

functions of all neurons

A
  • carries sensory neurons from outer to your body (SC)
  • motor neurons carry signals from CNS to outer

-interneurons :
link the sensory and motor
neurons-act as a translator

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27
Q

draw a diagram of the nervous system

A

check on laptop

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28
Q

P & S for Adrenal Glands

A

p: Homeostasis maintained
s: Stimulates the production of adrenaline

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29
Q

P & S for lungs

A

p: Constricts the bronchial tubules
s: Airway - dilates the bronchial tubules

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30
Q

P & S for eyes

A

p: Constriction ( narrowing )
s: Dilate ( expand )

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31
Q

Name of the information neurons transmit

A

called action potential or neural impulse

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32
Q

Neuron structure in order

A 
Dendrites
Nucleus
Soma ( cell body )
Axon
within axon: myelin sheaths
axon terminals
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33
Q

FUNCTION OF dendrites

A

receives info from other neurons

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34
Q

FUNCTION OF soma

A

has the nucleus that controls the neurons, and is like the brain

directs info from dendrites to axon

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35
Q

FUNCTION OF axon

A

the action potential travels through

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36
Q

FUNCTION OF axon terminals

A

small branches at the end

on the tip has terminal button ( aka synaptic button ) which keeps a special chemical NEUROTRANSMITTER where info crosses

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37
Q

FUNCTION OF myelin

A

neurons are myelinated ( coated with myelin )

it is a fatty insulator for the axon keeping it from getting interfering signals

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38
Q

what is synapse

A

tiny gap between neurons that neurotransmitter crosses info

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39
Q

neuron seqence

A
  1. Information is received by
    the Dendrites
  2. Info passes through the Soma and into the axon
  3. Information reaches the
    Axon Terminals
  4. This triggers the release of
    neurotransmitters from the
    terminal buttons
  5. The neurotransmitter carries
    the info to other neurons
  6. Neurons don’t touch- there is
    a synaptic gap
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40
Q

where is the electrical and chemical in a neuron?

A

the signal travelling along the axon is the ELECTRICAL SIGNAL - actional potential

Neurotransmitter crosses synapse and are special chemicals that bind with own receptors in the next neruon’s dendrites

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41
Q

draw a diagram of a neuron

A

pic on laptop

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42
Q

FUNCTION OF myelin sheath

A

speeds neural impulses

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43
Q

Sensory neurons functions

A

afferent
-nerve impulses from sensory stimuli to the cns and brain

specialised to respond to info, heat, sound etc

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44
Q

Motor neurons functions

A

efferent

neural impulses away from the cns and towards muscle to cause movement

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45
Q

function of interneuron and where does it happen?

A

link the sensory and motor
neurons-act as a translator

occurs in the CNS, useful for integration

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46
Q

Glial cell

A

support of the neurons, provide nutrients, clean waste etc

CANNOT carry message

specialised so can perform different roles depending on their location

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47
Q

the three SECTIONS of the brain

A
  • FORE BRAIN
  • MID BRAIN
  • HIND BRAIN
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48
Q

Whats in the hindbrain ( lowest part ) 4

A

brain stem
cerebellum
pons
medulla

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49
Q

Whats in the midbrain ( middle part ) 2

A

reticular formation

substantia nigra

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50
Q

Whats in the forebrain ( highest part ) 3

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
cerebrum

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51
Q

BRAIN STEM

location and function

A

hindbrain

connects to spinal cord

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52
Q

CEREBELLUM

location and function

A

hindbrain

coordination balance

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53
Q

PONS

location and function

A

hindbrain

voluntary survival , swallowing, bladder, movement etc

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54
Q

MEDULLA

location and function

A

hindbrain

heartbeat, breathing

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55
Q

RETICULAR FORMATION

location and function

A

midbrain

arousal level, anaesthetic works

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56
Q

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

location and function

A

midbrain

coordinates smooth voluntary movement

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57
Q

THALAMUS

location and function

A

forebrain

filters sensory info

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58
Q

HYPOTHALAUS

location and function

A

forebrain
controls the endocrine system
hunger/thirst/temp, hormone level

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59
Q

CEREBRUM

location and function

A

forebrain

abstract thought “higher” thinking

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60
Q

four lobes of the brain

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
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61
Q

cerebral cortex

A

THINK LAYER OF TISSUE
FOLDED - GYRI

symbolic thinking
process info
movement
emotions

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62
Q

hindbrain

A

life functions, automatic function

such as breathing and heart pumping

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63
Q

midbrain

A

process sensory, info, sleep and arousal

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64
Q

substantia nigra affected what disease

A

affected by PARKINSON’S DISEASE

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65
Q

forebrain

A

IMPORTANT

thinking, learning, memory, perception, emotion and personality

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66
Q

FRONTAL LOBE

A

movemnet, higher-order cognition racinal thought, decision making and planning

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67
Q

PARIETAL LOBE

A

process sensory info, attention , spatical reasoning, five senses

primary senstory cortex ; sense of touch

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68
Q

TEMPORIAL LOBE

A

Auditory signals, learning and memory

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69
Q

OCCIPITAL LOBE

A

primary visual cortex

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70
Q

part of brain makes us feel fear?

A

amygdala

71
Q

hemis in brain

A

left & right

72
Q

hemispheric specialisation

A

left: verbal language, word recognition and speech

ANALYSTICAL, CRITICAL THINKING

right: visual and non-verbal, appreciating artwork, spatial reasoning, seeings emotions

73
Q

what hemi process what part of the body

A

LH receives and processes sensation from right side, and vice versa

74
Q

draw lobes out on brain

A

check laptop

75
Q

phineas gage biopsysoc

A

did lobotomies…

biological: prefrontal cortex damage, difficulty with motor activites, facial expression blank

psy:
-personality-apathy, impulsive, antisocial behaviour, forgetfulness

changed personality and injury in frontal lobe

76
Q

prefrontal cortex

what lobe and function

A

frontal lobe
symbolic reasoning, planning, decision making, cause-effect “if..will happen”

organises sequence of movement, send message to Primary motor crotex

77
Q

Primary motor cortex

what lobe and function

A

frontal lobe

  • controls voluntary movement
  • PMS in left hemi, controls right and vv
78
Q

Primary motor cortex body control system

A

Lower the body part being controlled, the higher its controller is on the PMC

seen on

79
Q

Broca’s area

location & function

A

left frontal lobe

movement and speech

80
Q

Spatial neglect

A

parietal lobe damage

common on right side hemi

neurological disorder where people dont notice anything on one side of them (usually left )

81
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

what lobe and function

A

receives and processes sensory info from the skin and body part

PSC left hemi is for right body and vv

82
Q

homunculus

A

physical representation of our cortex

83
Q

occipital lobe

A

sense of vision

84
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory perception

making memory, recognising familiar objects and people, emotional responses

85
Q

WERNICKE’s area

location & function

A

left temporal lobe

speech production, PAC cannot make sense of words until proceed by WA

86
Q

WHAT is brain plasticity?

A

brain’s ability to change and adapt in response to environmental stimuli

87
Q

two KINDS of neural plasticity?

A
  • Developmental

- Adaptive

88
Q

Developmental / structural plasticity?

A

young and developing brains experiences or memories changing a brain’s physical structure since to adapt to stimuli and grow and develop

89
Q

Adaptive plasticity?

A

recovering, compensate and responding to changes in the brain structure/ lost functionality and move from damaged area to undamaged area

such as brain injury or stroke

90
Q

brain development
explain and time period

3 ones

A

-MYELINATION:

-SYNAPTOGENESIS:
synapses created

-SYNAPTIC PRUNING:
synapses deleted

91
Q

MYELINATION

A

increase in size of brain, neurons efficient sending messages

start before birth, continues into adulthood, peaks after birth and another burst after adolescence

first sensory areas become myelinated then motor areas - completed by age 3 or 4 - complex areas in frontal love myelinated last

92
Q

SYNAPTOGENESIS:

synapses created

A
  • neighbouring neurons connect and communicate (axon terminal to dendrite )

baby grows ew dendrites, more branches, new connections opportunities

happens quickly IN sensory and motor areas

93
Q

-SYNAPTIC PRUNING:

synapses deleted

A

use it or lose it
-unused synaptic -connections are pruned

  • adults have less than 3 year old
  • strengthens the useful pathways

-strong implications/ connections regarding experience and
brain development

94
Q

why do teens make risky decision etc?

A

frontal lobe development

-prefrontal cortex last to mature

-3-6, there is a huge
increase in neural connections in the frontal lobes through
synaptogenesis, which marks a huge leap in cognitive abilities

-From 7-15 years old, the rapid growth becomes part of the temporal and parietal lobes instead- marking a leap in language development

-16-20, synaptic pruning in the frontal lobes makes
the remaining neural activity more efficient- this marks a leap in maturity.

95
Q

unformed prefrontal cortex

A

plays out as lack of executive function (cause

and effect, emotional regulation, reasoning)

96
Q

biopsysoci model

A

biological- body factors
psycho- mental health
social-support / people around

97
Q

type of brain injury - 4

A

sudden onset- happens suddenly

insidious onset- happens over long time

neuodegerative disease- progressive decline brain activity

stroke -blood clot, bleeding in brain

98
Q

aphasia

A

difficulty with communication, or finding right words

99
Q

wernicke aphasia

A

left temporal
unable to understand what others are saying
difficulty to produce speech
facial reg and memory altered

100
Q

broca aphasia

A

left frontal

speech pro

101
Q

adaptive plasticity ( 2)

A
  • rerouting

- sprouting

102
Q

-rerouting

A

new neural connections are made between a neuron and other active neurons

103
Q

-sprouting

A

growth of new dendritic fibre enabling the neuron for form new connections with other

104
Q

how does brain injury get fix naturally

A

adaptive plasticity allows the brain to reorganise to compensate for loss of function

105
Q

longitudinal studies

A

same participants investigated over a period of time

done with PD study since it is progressive

106
Q

what is lobotomies

A

develop to treat mental illness, done on prefrontal cortex which perform high level thinking etc

destroyed white matter

more useful treatment: antidepressionate drugs

107
Q

cte ?

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

repeated hits in the head, building up abnormal protein called tau in brain, progressive degenerative brain disease

memory loss, mood swings, difficulty concentrating

108
Q

what is parkinson disease

A

a neurodegenerative disease

neurons of brain slowly decline over long period of time

109
Q

parkinson disease

MOTOR symptoms

A 
tremors
rigidity of limbs
shaking
poor balance 
slowness of movement
110
Q

parkinson disease

non-MOTOR symptoms

A

-depression, anxiety
pain
lose of smell

111
Q

cause of parkinson disease??

A

unknown
treatment compensate for lack of dopamine in the brain so deep brain stimulation of substantia nigra which can alleviate symptoms

112
Q

what is lost from parkinson disease??

A

-dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra - which aids for smooth movement etc

113
Q

ethical considerations

A 
confidentiality
informed consent
withdrawal rights
debriefing
voluntary participation
deception
114
Q

Validity:

A

it must be conducted and

shared in a way that measures what it claims to have measured.

115
Q

Reliability:

A

Research must be reliable, namely that it can be replicated

by others.

116
Q

Integrity:

A

Ethical considerations and scientific standards are applied.

No harm can come to others.

117
Q

what did split brain show

A

patients uanble to interagte infor from one hemi to another

118
Q

brain change shape?

A

no, synapses just change

119
Q

what neruotransmitter involved in motor functions

A

dopamine

120
Q

involved in visual-spatial tasks?

A

the right hemi

121
Q

side effects wernicke aphasia

A

since left side of his temporal lobe, unable to interpret others speech

unable to select corrects words to express

122
Q

left visual field

A

right hemi proceed

123
Q

left and right vf

A

left: right hemi see visuals
right: ;left hemi, responsible for lang

124
Q

side effects brocas aphasia

A

speech non-fluent
memory loss, unable to move right arm
short sentences

125
Q

dog bite senario

A
  • send bite sensory messages info to CNS
  • CNS process pain/touch info and coordinate a response
    motor neurons from CNS to skeletal muscle , telling skeletal muscle in the somatic nervous system to walk away via motor message
126
Q

nature

A
  • genetics
  • environmental exposure
  • birth
127
Q

nurture

A
  • way were raised
  • birth order
  • culture & society
128
Q

twin study

A

allow us to make an evaluation about the
impact of environment if twins who are
genetically identical are raised in different
environments.

same: nature
different trait: nurture

129
Q

adoption studies

A

exposed to different environment to their bio and genetic relatives

130
Q

sensitive period

A

period in development when an organism is
more responsive to certain environmental stimuli or experiences.

times of rapid change, where
the brain is more likely to strengthen important
connections and eliminate unneeded ones

BEGINS AND ENDS GRADUALLY

131
Q

critical period

A

A critical period is a period in development in which an organism ismost vulnerable to the deprivation or absence of stimuli.

specific time when the brain is particularly receptive to acquiring an skill or
knowledge

BEGINS AND ENDS ABRUPTLY

132
Q

THREE theories of psychological developemtn

A

infant attachment
-ainsworth & harlow

cognitive abilities:
-piaget’s theory

psychosocial development
-erikson’s theory

133
Q

attachment theory

A

Human infants form an emotional attachment with their primary caregivers.

particularly in the first 12 months of life, have a huge influence on a person’s emotional development through life

134
Q

harlow ( contact comfort )

A

with rhesus monkeys and the need for attachment

135
Q

ainsworth ( several attachment)

A

strange situations

attachment bonds between caregivers and infants and categorised them

136
Q

explain harlow and results

A

monkey reared in cages, contain two surrogate mothers

one made of wire, one look like real monkey (towel)

monkey prefer cloth surrogate when emotional distressed

wire had the feed bottle, monkey spend time with cloth surrogate 15hr rather than 1-2 hr on wire

prefer comfort than food

137
Q

explain ainsworth and results

A

two main categories - secure and insecure attachment

secure into two category: resistant, avoidant attachment

138
Q

s,as, and rn

A

secure: positive ish
mother–> supportive

avoidant insecure: uninterested
mother–> rejected

resistant-insecure: reject mother when came back
mother–> inconsistent

139
Q

two process of intellect growth:

A

-assimilation:
use current knowledge to understand new situations

  • accommodation:
    change when you already know based on new understandings
140
Q

piaget’s theory

A

concrete thinking –> symbolic thinking

141
Q

four stages

A
  • sensorimotor ( 0-2)
  • pre-operational stage (2-7)
  • concrete operational stage (7-12)
  • formal operational stage (12+)
142
Q

-sensorimotor ( 0-2) traits

A

lack permanence object ( fail to see hidden object )

ACHIEVEMENT:
-goal-directed behaviour : child carries out actions to achieve key goals

-object permanence : understand that an object still exists out of view

143
Q

-pre-operational stage (2-7)

A

ACHIEVEMENT:
de-centred: see other perspective

centration : can focus on one particular object/things

reversibility: children understand that process can be reverse

144
Q

-concrete operational stage (7-12)

A

ACHIEVEMENT:

conservation: mass, volume
classification: similarities between diff objects

145
Q

-formal operational stage (12+)

A

ACHIEVEMENT:
abstract thinking
logical thought

146
Q

criticism on piaget

A

no in between stages

tested on just children

147
Q

erikson theory

A

psychosocial development across the lifespan as an
influence on the development of an individual’s personality

different relationships, priorities, stages based on age

148
Q

What role does the amygdala play in both mothers and fathers?

A

the amygdala which makes the mother worry about the infant. Once the mother’s amygdala is open, it stays like this forever, no matter how old the child is.

149
Q

Stigma

A

negative attitudes and beliefs held in the wider community about a population. These beliefs lead to rejection, avoidance and discrimination.

150
Q

Mental Disorders:

A

Psychological state characterised by significant emotional, cognitive or social difficulties

151
Q
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorder:
A

Symptoms: Happens before school, learning disorders, learn or process sensory and emotional information

  • Autism, ADHD, Intellectual Disability
152
Q

Neurocognitive Disorders:

A
  • Symptoms: Major or minor impairment to cognitive functioning.
  • Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, traumatic brain injury
153
Q

Substance-related and addictive disorder:

A
  • Symptoms: Poor functioning at home or work, sleep disturbances, drug intoxication, emotional and sexual problems
  • Dependence on alcohol, drugs, gambling etc
154
Q

Mood Disorders: BIPOLAR

DEPRESSION

A
  • Disturbance’s emotions, depression, hopelessness, feeling of euphoric feelings
  • Mood disorders involve major disturbances in emotion (mood) such as depression or mania.
  • Depression, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), Bipolar: abnormal serotonin chemistry in the brain// Serotonin
155
Q

Anxiety Disorder: (0CD)

A
  • Feeling of fear, anxiety, anxiety-based distortions of behaviour
  • an over-reactive autonomic nervous system response
  • Phobias, OCD, Panic Disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
156
Q

Personality Disorder:

A
  • Deeply ingrained, unhealthy personality patterns

- Anti-social personality disorder, borderline personality disorder

157
Q

Psychotic disorder

A

delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thinking and speech, grossly disorganised or abnormal motor
behaviour, negative symptoms such as affective flattening

158
Q

Typical

A

Behaviour that represents most people, usually the common behaviour shown by an induvial

159
Q

Atypical

A

Behaviour that don’t represent the majority or unusual for that individual.

160
Q

Adaptive behaviour

A

As we go through life, our needs and requirement changes and people adapt their behaviour to meet their changing needs.

161
Q

Maladaptive Behaviour:

A

Behaviour that interferes with an individual’s practical ability to complete daily skills. These can be minor, causing only minimal impact on a person’s life, or major disruption.

Sometimes maladaptive is called ‘dysfunctional’ as it disrupts the normal function of life.

162
Q

NOTE ABOUT ADAPTIVEE

A

SOME PEOPLE CAN EXHIBIT ATYPICAL BEHAVIOUR THAT IS NOT MALADAPTIVE. PEOPLE CAN DO STRANGER OR DEVIANT THINGS BUT DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH ABILITY TO COMPLETE DAILY TASKS OF LIFE.

163
Q

WHAT IS THE CONTINUUM:

A

It is used to describe the relationship between mental health and mental disorder.

164
Q

CONTINUUM USED FOR?

A

To show different levels of a particular concept and show how it can change over time.

165
Q

CONTINUUM APPLIED

A

Everyone has some level of mental health, always, but some people live free from mental illness.
The continuums offer two separate planes: one for mental health and for mental illness.

166
Q

FUNCTION APPROACH:

A

Harry, fed, sarah, so, she, moaned

Historical Approach
Functional Approach
Sociocultural Approach
Statistical Approach
Situational Approach
Medical Approach
167
Q

Rosenhan Study- 1973

A

His conclusion was that medical staff could not recognise normal behaviour once a person had a label of a mental disorder.

168
Q

schizophrenia

POSITIVE SYMPTONS ARE ADDITION TO CONSCIOUSNESS (HALLUCINATOINS )

A

Pretty red girl can be indie

check pic for answer
DELUSION of:

Persecution: 
Reference: 
Control:
Grandeur: 
Thought Broadcasting: 
Thought implanting:
169
Q

schizophrenia auditory// positive sympton

A

Cooper can rap

critical hallucination
command hallucination
repeated phrases

170
Q

schizophrenia visuals// positive symptom

A

Hello violet ahhh!
Hallucinations:
- Visual
- Auditory

171
Q

schizophrenia speech// positive symptom

A

never, lie, in, emma, classrom.
do, try

neologism:
illogicality:
incoherence:
echolali:
clanging:
derailment:
tangentiality:
172
Q

schizophrenia motor// positive symptom

A

Unpredictable problems can eat

unpredication agitation:
problem performing day activites
catatonia
excessive motor

173
Q

schizophrenia motor// negative symptom

A

quad four A
Avolition: (LACK OF MOTIVATION )
The lack of will to accomplish purposeful acts (daily activates)

Alogia: Inability to speak, speaking disturbance that can be seen in people with dementia and associates with negative symptoms of schizophrenia. POVERTY OF SPEECH

Anhedonia: Lack of pleasure

Affective Flattening: Lack of emotional expressions.

174
Q

‘two-hit’ hypothesis

A

The two-hit hypothesis proposes that people suffering
from psychological disorders generally have some genetic
or prenatal environment factor which disrupts early
development. This accounts for the first ‘hit’ which sets up
the person for long-term vulnerability.

The second ‘hit’ could be triggered by something in the
environment: trauma, difficulty, stress, drug use or serious
issue. This theory states that if the person had not already
had the first ‘hit’ they would cope with the second hit
without acquiring a mental disorder.

Two-Hit Hypothesis

Adolescent Onset:

This theory would account for the late-adolescent
onset of schizophrenia. Symptoms are rarely seen
earlier in life.

The theory states this is because when the second
hit impacts on a vulnerable person who is ‘primed’
with the first hit, they start to show signs of the
disorder.

The adolescent brain in particular is more
vulnerable to some environmental stressors.

Psychology (8 decks)

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