SEMESTER EXAM ! Flashcards

Question

function of the PNS

Answer 1

- provides info to CNS - connects cns to organs etc - carry s & m info to and from cns

Answer 2

- carries sensory neurons from outer to your body (SC) - motor neurons carry signals from CNS to outer -interneurons : link the sensory and motor neurons-act as a translator

Answer 3

check on laptop

Answer 4

p: Homeostasis maintained s: Stimulates the production of adrenaline

Answer 5

p: Constricts the bronchial tubules s: Airway - dilates the bronchial tubules

Answer 6

p: Constriction ( narrowing ) s: Dilate ( expand )

Answer 7

called action potential or neural impulse

Answer 8

``` Dendrites Nucleus Soma ( cell body ) Axon within axon: myelin sheaths axon terminals ```

Answer 9

receives info from other neurons

Answer 10

has the nucleus that controls the neurons, and is like the brain directs info from dendrites to axon

Answer 11

the action potential travels through

Answer 12

small branches at the end on the tip has terminal button ( aka synaptic button ) which keeps a special chemical NEUROTRANSMITTER where info crosses

Answer 13

neurons are myelinated ( coated with myelin ) it is a fatty insulator for the axon keeping it from getting interfering signals

Answer 14

tiny gap between neurons that neurotransmitter crosses info

Answer 15

1. Information is received by the Dendrites 2. Info passes through the Soma and into the axon 3. Information reaches the Axon Terminals 4. This triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the terminal buttons 5. The neurotransmitter carries the info to other neurons 6. Neurons don’t touch- there is a synaptic gap

Answer 16

the signal travelling along the axon is the ELECTRICAL SIGNAL - actional potential Neurotransmitter crosses synapse and are special chemicals that bind with own receptors in the next neruon's dendrites

Answer 17

pic on laptop

Answer 18

speeds neural impulses

Answer 19

afferent -nerve impulses from sensory stimuli to the cns and brain specialised to respond to info, heat, sound etc

Answer 20

efferent | neural impulses away from the cns and towards muscle to cause movement

Answer 21

link the sensory and motor neurons-act as a translator occurs in the CNS, useful for integration

Answer 22

support of the neurons, provide nutrients, clean waste etc CANNOT carry message specialised so can perform different roles depending on their location

Answer 23

- FORE BRAIN - MID BRAIN - HIND BRAIN

Answer 24

brain stem cerebellum pons medulla

Answer 25

reticular formation | substantia nigra

Answer 26

thalamus hypothalamus cerebrum

Answer 27

hindbrain | connects to spinal cord

Answer 28

hindbrain | coordination balance

Answer 29

hindbrain | voluntary survival , swallowing, bladder, movement etc

Answer 30

hindbrain | heartbeat, breathing

Answer 31

midbrain | arousal level, anaesthetic works

Answer 32

midbrain | coordinates smooth voluntary movement

Answer 33

forebrain | filters sensory info

Answer 34

forebrain controls the endocrine system hunger/thirst/temp, hormone level

Answer 35

forebrain | abstract thought "higher" thinking

Answer 36

- frontal lobe - parietal lobe - temporal lobe - occipital lobe

Answer 37

THINK LAYER OF TISSUE FOLDED - GYRI symbolic thinking process info movement emotions

Answer 38

life functions, automatic function | such as breathing and heart pumping

Answer 39

process sensory, info, sleep and arousal

Answer 40

affected by PARKINSON'S DISEASE

Answer 41

IMPORTANT | thinking, learning, memory, perception, emotion and personality

Answer 42

movemnet, higher-order cognition racinal thought, decision making and planning

Answer 43

process sensory info, attention , spatical reasoning, five senses primary senstory cortex ; sense of touch

Answer 44

Auditory signals, learning and memory

Answer 45

primary visual cortex

Answer 46

left & right

Answer 47

left: verbal language, word recognition and speech ANALYSTICAL, CRITICAL THINKING right: visual and non-verbal, appreciating artwork, spatial reasoning, seeings emotions

Answer 48

LH receives and processes sensation from right side, and vice versa

Answer 49

check laptop

Answer 50

did lobotomies... biological: prefrontal cortex damage, difficulty with motor activites, facial expression blank psy: -personality-apathy, impulsive, antisocial behaviour, forgetfulness soc: change in relationship ------ changed personality and injury in frontal lobe

Answer 51

frontal lobe symbolic reasoning, planning, decision making, cause-effect "if..will happen" organises sequence of movement, send message to Primary motor crotex

Answer 52

frontal lobe - controls voluntary movement - PMS in left hemi, controls right and vv

Answer 53

Lower the body part being controlled, the higher its controller is on the PMC seen on

Answer 54

left frontal lobe | movement and speech

Answer 55

parietal lobe damage common on right side hemi neurological disorder where people dont notice anything on one side of them (usually left )

Answer 56

receives and processes sensory info from the skin and body part PSC left hemi is for right body and vv

Answer 57

physical representation of our cortex

Answer 58

sense of vision

Answer 59

auditory perception | making memory, recognising familiar objects and people, emotional responses

Answer 60

left temporal lobe | speech production, PAC cannot make sense of words until proceed by WA

Answer 61

brain's ability to change and adapt in response to environmental stimuli

Answer 62

- Developmental | - Adaptive

Answer 63

young and developing brains experiences or memories changing a brain's physical structure since to adapt to stimuli and grow and develop

Answer 64

recovering, compensate and responding to changes in the brain structure/ lost functionality and move from damaged area to undamaged area such as brain injury or stroke

Answer 65

-MYELINATION: -SYNAPTOGENESIS: synapses created -SYNAPTIC PRUNING: synapses deleted

Answer 66

increase in size of brain, neurons efficient sending messages start before birth, continues into adulthood, peaks after birth and another burst after adolescence first sensory areas become myelinated then motor areas - completed by age 3 or 4 - complex areas in frontal love myelinated last

Answer 67

- neighbouring neurons connect and communicate (axon terminal to dendrite ) baby grows ew dendrites, more branches, new connections opportunities happens quickly IN sensory and motor areas

Answer 68

use it or lose it -unused synaptic -connections are pruned - adults have less than 3 year old - strengthens the useful pathways -strong implications/ connections regarding experience and brain development

Answer 69

frontal lobe development -prefrontal cortex last to mature -3-6, there is a huge increase in neural connections in the frontal lobes through synaptogenesis, which marks a huge leap in cognitive abilities -From 7-15 years old, the rapid growth becomes part of the temporal and parietal lobes instead- marking a leap in language development -16-20, synaptic pruning in the frontal lobes makes the remaining neural activity more efficient- this marks a leap in maturity.

Answer 70

plays out as lack of executive function (cause | and effect, emotional regulation, reasoning)

Answer 71

biological- body factors psycho- mental health social-support / people around

Answer 72

sudden onset- happens suddenly insidious onset- happens over long time neuodegerative disease- progressive decline brain activity stroke -blood clot, bleeding in brain

Answer 73

difficulty with communication, or finding right words

Answer 74

left temporal unable to understand what others are saying difficulty to produce speech facial reg and memory altered

Answer 75

left frontal | speech pro

Answer 76

- rerouting | - sprouting

Answer 77

new neural connections are made between a neuron and other active neurons

Answer 78

growth of new dendritic fibre enabling the neuron for form new connections with other

Answer 79

adaptive plasticity allows the brain to reorganise to compensate for loss of function

Answer 80

same participants investigated over a period of time done with PD study since it is progressive

Answer 81

develop to treat mental illness, done on prefrontal cortex which perform high level thinking etc destroyed white matter more useful treatment: antidepressionate drugs

Answer 82

chronic traumatic encephalopathy repeated hits in the head, building up abnormal protein called tau in brain, progressive degenerative brain disease memory loss, mood swings, difficulty concentrating

Answer 83

a neurodegenerative disease | neurons of brain slowly decline over long period of time

Answer 84

``` tremors rigidity of limbs shaking poor balance slowness of movement ```

Answer 85

-depression, anxiety pain lose of smell

Answer 86

unknown treatment compensate for lack of dopamine in the brain so deep brain stimulation of substantia nigra which can alleviate symptoms

Answer 87

-dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra - which aids for smooth movement etc

Answer 88

``` confidentiality informed consent withdrawal rights debriefing voluntary participation deception ```

Answer 89

it must be conducted and | shared in a way that measures what it claims to have measured.

Answer 90

Research must be reliable, namely that it can be replicated | by others.

Answer 91

Ethical considerations and scientific standards are applied. | No harm can come to others.

Answer 92

patients uanble to interagte infor from one hemi to another

Answer 93

no, synapses just change

Answer 94

the right hemi

Answer 95

since left side of his temporal lobe, unable to interpret others speech unable to select corrects words to express

Answer 96

right hemi proceed

Answer 97

left: right hemi see visuals right: ;left hemi, responsible for lang

Answer 98

speech non-fluent memory loss, unable to move right arm short sentences

Answer 99

- send bite sensory messages info to CNS - CNS process pain/touch info and coordinate a response motor neurons from CNS to skeletal muscle , telling skeletal muscle in the somatic nervous system to walk away via motor message

Answer 100

- genetics - environmental exposure - birth

Answer 101

- way were raised - birth order - culture & society

Answer 102

allow us to make an evaluation about the impact of environment if twins who are genetically identical are raised in different environments. same: nature different trait: nurture

Answer 103

exposed to different environment to their bio and genetic relatives

Answer 104

period in development when an organism is more responsive to certain environmental stimuli or experiences. times of rapid change, where the brain is more likely to strengthen important connections and eliminate unneeded ones BEGINS AND ENDS GRADUALLY

Answer 105

A critical period is a period in development in which an organism ismost vulnerable to the deprivation or absence of stimuli. specific time when the brain is particularly receptive to acquiring an skill or knowledge BEGINS AND ENDS ABRUPTLY

Answer 106

infant attachment -ainsworth & harlow cognitive abilities: -piaget's theory psychosocial development -erikson's theory

Answer 107

Human infants form an emotional attachment with their primary caregivers. particularly in the first 12 months of life, have a huge influence on a person’s emotional development through life

Answer 108

with rhesus monkeys and the need for attachment

Answer 109

strange situations | attachment bonds between caregivers and infants and categorised them

Answer 110

monkey reared in cages, contain two surrogate mothers one made of wire, one look like real monkey (towel) monkey prefer cloth surrogate when emotional distressed wire had the feed bottle, monkey spend time with cloth surrogate 15hr rather than 1-2 hr on wire prefer comfort than food

Answer 111

two main categories - secure and insecure attachment secure into two category: resistant, avoidant attachment

Answer 112

secure: positive ish mother--> supportive avoidant insecure: uninterested mother--> rejected resistant-insecure: reject mother when came back mother--> inconsistent

Answer 113

-assimilation: use current knowledge to understand new situations - accommodation: change when you already know based on new understandings

Answer 114

concrete thinking --> symbolic thinking

Answer 115

- sensorimotor ( 0-2) - pre-operational stage (2-7) - concrete operational stage (7-12) - formal operational stage (12+)

Answer 116

lack permanence object ( fail to see hidden object ) ACHIEVEMENT: -goal-directed behaviour : child carries out actions to achieve key goals -object permanence : understand that an object still exists out of view

Answer 117

ACHIEVEMENT: de-centred: see other perspective centration : can focus on one particular object/things reversibility: children understand that process can be reverse

Answer 118

ACHIEVEMENT: conservation: mass, volume classification: similarities between diff objects

Answer 119

ACHIEVEMENT: abstract thinking logical thought

Answer 120

no in between stages | tested on just children

Answer 121

psychosocial development across the lifespan as an influence on the development of an individual’s personality different relationships, priorities, stages based on age

Answer 122

the amygdala which makes the mother worry about the infant. Once the mother’s amygdala is open, it stays like this forever, no matter how old the child is.

Answer 123

negative attitudes and beliefs held in the wider community about a population. These beliefs lead to rejection, avoidance and discrimination.

Answer 124

Psychological state characterised by significant emotional, cognitive or social difficulties

Answer 125

Symptoms: Happens before school, learning disorders, learn or process sensory and emotional information - Autism, ADHD, Intellectual Disability

Answer 126

- Symptoms: Major or minor impairment to cognitive functioning. - Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, traumatic brain injury

Answer 127

- Symptoms: Poor functioning at home or work, sleep disturbances, drug intoxication, emotional and sexual problems - Dependence on alcohol, drugs, gambling etc

Answer 128

- Disturbance’s emotions, depression, hopelessness, feeling of euphoric feelings - Mood disorders involve major disturbances in emotion (mood) such as depression or mania. - Depression, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), Bipolar: abnormal serotonin chemistry in the brain// Serotonin

Answer 129

- Feeling of fear, anxiety, anxiety-based distortions of behaviour - an over-reactive autonomic nervous system response - Phobias, OCD, Panic Disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 130

- Deeply ingrained, unhealthy personality patterns | - Anti-social personality disorder, borderline personality disorder

Answer 131

delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thinking and speech, grossly disorganised or abnormal motor behaviour, negative symptoms such as affective flattening

Answer 132

Behaviour that represents most people, usually the common behaviour shown by an induvial

Answer 133

Behaviour that don’t represent the majority or unusual for that individual.

Answer 134

As we go through life, our needs and requirement changes and people adapt their behaviour to meet their changing needs.

Answer 135

Behaviour that interferes with an individual’s practical ability to complete daily skills. These can be minor, causing only minimal impact on a person’s life, or major disruption. Sometimes maladaptive is called ‘dysfunctional’ as it disrupts the normal function of life.

Answer 136

SOME PEOPLE CAN EXHIBIT ATYPICAL BEHAVIOUR THAT IS NOT MALADAPTIVE. PEOPLE CAN DO STRANGER OR DEVIANT THINGS BUT DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH ABILITY TO COMPLETE DAILY TASKS OF LIFE.

Answer 137

It is used to describe the relationship between mental health and mental disorder.

Answer 138

To show different levels of a particular concept and show how it can change over time.

Answer 139

Everyone has some level of mental health, always, but some people live free from mental illness. The continuums offer two separate planes: one for mental health and for mental illness.

Answer 140

Harry, fed, sarah, so, she, moaned ``` Historical Approach Functional Approach Sociocultural Approach Statistical Approach Situational Approach Medical Approach ```

Answer 141

His conclusion was that medical staff could not recognise normal behaviour once a person had a label of a mental disorder.

Answer 142

Pretty red girl can be indie check pic for answer DELUSION of: ``` Persecution: Reference: Control: Grandeur: Thought Broadcasting: Thought implanting: ```

Answer 143

Cooper can rap critical hallucination command hallucination repeated phrases

Answer 144

Hello violet ahhh! Hallucinations: - Visual - Auditory

Answer 145

never, lie, in, emma, classrom. do, try ``` neologism: illogicality: incoherence: echolali: clanging: derailment: tangentiality: ```

Answer 146

Unpredictable problems can eat unpredication agitation: problem performing day activites catatonia excessive motor

Answer 147

quad four A Avolition: (LACK OF MOTIVATION ) The lack of will to accomplish purposeful acts (daily activates) Alogia: Inability to speak, speaking disturbance that can be seen in people with dementia and associates with negative symptoms of schizophrenia. POVERTY OF SPEECH Anhedonia: Lack of pleasure Affective Flattening: Lack of emotional expressions.

Answer 148

The two-hit hypothesis proposes that people suffering from psychological disorders generally have some genetic or prenatal environment factor which disrupts early development. This accounts for the first ‘hit’ which sets up the person for long-term vulnerability. The second ‘hit’ could be triggered by something in the environment: trauma, difficulty, stress, drug use or serious issue. This theory states that if the person had not already had the first ‘hit’ they would cope with the second hit without acquiring a mental disorder. Two-Hit Hypothesis Adolescent Onset: This theory would account for the late-adolescent onset of schizophrenia. Symptoms are rarely seen earlier in life. The theory states this is because when the second hit impacts on a vulnerable person who is ‘primed’ with the first hit, they start to show signs of the disorder. The adolescent brain in particular is more vulnerable to some environmental stressors.